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103-B. Planning Commission Staff report, dated July 27, 2010.pdf
CUPERTINO OFFICE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CITY HALL 10300 TORRE AVENUE • CUPERTINO, CA 95014-3255 (408) 777-3308 • FAX (408) 777-3333 9 plannungOcupertino.org PLANNING COMMISSION STAFF REPORT Agenda Item No. 1 Agenda Date: July 27, 2010 Application: DIR-2010-05 Applicant: Bradley Head, NSA Wireless; for Clearwire Appellant: Norman & Ione Yuen Application Summary: Appeal of a Director's Minor Modification decision to allow the installation of a personal wireless service facility on the roof of an existing church, consisting of three panel antennas and three microwave dish antennas screened by a faux cupola and a base equipment enclost_re at 6191 Bollinger Road. RECOMMENDATION: Staff recommends that the Commission uphold the Director's decision (Attachment 1). On May 27, 2010, the Director of Community Development approved a Director's Minor Modification to allow a Clearwire personal wireless service facility on the roof of the West Valley Presbyterian Church located at 6191 Bollinger Road (Attachment 2). The Planning Commissioners, Council members and property owners within 1,000 feet of the project property (365 residents) were mailed notices of the Director's action. An appeal was filed on July 10, 2010 by Mrs. Yuen residing at 6352 Myrtlewood Drive (Attachment 3). The Commission hearing, was originally scheduled for a mid -July date, but was postponed to July 27th to accommodate the appellant's vacation plans. DISCUSSION: The appellant's appeal is based on the following points (staff responses to each of the points are in italics): 1) The cupola design covering the antenna is visually awkward. Staff examined three design aspects that may create a visually awkward church design: Compatibility with the church archit?cture The cupola is a common architectural feature of churches. Often, they are elaborate in design and size and are the dominant architectural element of the church. In the case of the West Valley Presbyterian Church, the building design is relatively simple and the dominant DIR-2010-05 6191 Bollinger Road July 27, 2010 Pan 2 architectural feature is the large and expansive roof. The new cupola has been designed to be compatible with the architecture of the church, Proportion to the church structure The proposed cupola is sized to accommoc,'ate the screening of the antennas.- The cupola element overlaps with the roof but adds 8'-9" to the height of the church (about a 16 increase). The cupola is not disproportionate in size (see Attachment 2 photo simulation) compared to the rest of the church structure. Compatibility of materials and color:: The proposed cupola uses building materials and colors that match the materials and colors of the church. The faux brick base matches the brick buttresses of the church. The white cupola columns and trim matches the trim and siding of the church. The roofing materials of the proposed cupola and church will match in material and color (See photo simulation in Attachment 2). 2) The residential placement of the prop used Wimax antenna is inappropriate next to a middle school. The appellant provided two emails with links to numerous websites that contain information that may or may not pertain to the project (Attachment 4). One weblink discussed a San Francisco law requiring Cellular Telephone Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) disclosures on cell phones. Other websites display international efforts, urging precaution in the use and expansion of wireless technologies. Another link talks about the City of Huntington Beach relocating a wireless facility on City property that was near a school after public outcry; and an Oregon school board decides not to renew a cell site lease. WiMAX is defined in. Attachment 5. It i:: basically a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. Cupertino follows U.S. law in regulating personal wireless service facilities. Cell phone technology (mainly wireless Personal Communications Services - PCS) and WiMAX (Broadband Radio wireless service) have the same public exposure limit promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (P--Q which is 1.00 milliwatt per centimeter squared (mW/cm2). The limit applies to continua4s exposures and is intended to provide a prudent margin of safety for all persons, regardless of age, gender, size or health. The Hammett and Edison report states that the maximum ambient radio frequency energy exposure at ground level due to the Clearwire facility (including the microwave antennas contribution) is calculated to be 0.0027 mW/cm2, which i., 0.27% of the applicable public limit (Attachment 2). Federal law, the 1996 Telecommunicatior s Act- Section 704, subsection 7(D), states: "No state or local governmental entity may regulate the placement, construction, or modification of personal wireless service facilities on the basis of environmental effects of radio frequency emissions to the extent that such emissions comply with FCC regulations" lM DIR-2010-05 July 27, 2010 6191 Bollinger Road Page 3 The demand for wireless communications technologies continues to rapidly expand among our mobile, high technology population. Several years ago, the City Council recognized the lack of adequate wireless communications coverage as a public safety issue which is reinforced by a recent letter from the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office (Attachment 6). Through the Wireless Facilities Master P,an and Wireless Communications Facilities Ordinance (CMC Section 19.108), the City strives to provide adequate wireless communications coverage in a manner that is in compliance with federal law and mitigates potentially visually intrusive effects of wireless infrastructure. To cover largely residential areas of Cupertino, the Master Plan prefe �s public properties, churches, schools and existing utility poles and towers to mount wireless: antennas. The proposed Clearwire facility is consistent with the City's Master Plan and Ordinance. Conditions were added to the approval that duplicated what the Planning Commission required for the recently approved Clearu ire facility on the Church of the Nazarene located on McClellan Road. The required conditions include post -construction confirmation of radio frequency emission and the disclosure of the personal wireless service facility to the church/school users (See Attachment 1). 3) The radio frequency study provided by the project is erroneous. The equation to calculate power density in the Hammett & Edison, Inc. radio frequency assessment is the same one recommended for use by the FCC Office of Engineering Technology in its Bulletin No. 65. A radio frequency engineer from the Hammett & Edison firm will be available at the hearing to answer any questions regarding the project. OTHER MISCELLANEOUS CONCERN S: The appellant also expressed concerns that the principal of Hyde junior High and the pertinent parent teacher association have lot been properly made aware of the project. It should be noted that the City has satisfied the legal noticing requirements for the project (1,000 feet notice per the Ordinance). In addition, the Cupertino Union School District has confirmed that the appropriate project notices were received. The school district however has not expressed any comments or positions on the project. 1-3 DIR-2010-05 6191 Bollinger Road Prepared by: Colin Jung, AICP, Senior Ph nner Reviewed by: ;,. , . City Planner ATTACHMENTS: July 27, 2010 Paee 4 Approved by: ArI,rivastava Community Development Director Attachment 1: Model Resolution Attachment 2: Director's Minor Modification Memorandum dated May 27, 2010 Attachment 3: Appellent's Appeal Form dated June 10, 2010 Attachment 4: Emails from appellents dated 6/15/10 and 6/23/10. Attachment 5: WiMAX definition Attachment 6: Letter from the County Sheriff's Office dated June 23, 2010 Attachment 7: Emails from concerned residents G:planning/pdreport/Appeals/2010/DIR-2010-0:i appeal.doc 1-4 Attachment 1 CITY OF CUPERTINO 10300 Terre Avenue Cupertino, California 95014 RESOLUTION NO. OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF CUPERTINO RECOMMENDING DENIAL OF AN APPEAL OF A DIRECTOR'S MINOR MODIFICATION ALLOWING A PERSONAL WIRELESS SERVICE FACILITY ON THE I:OOF OF AN EXISTING CHURCH, CONSISTING OF THREE PANEL ANTENNAS AND THREE MICROWAVE DISH ANTENNAS SCREENED BY A FAUX CUPOLA AND A BASE EQUIPMENT ENCLOSURE AT 6"191 BOLLINGER ROAD SECTION I: FINDINGS WHEREAS, the Planning Commission of :he City of Cupertino received an appeal of a Director's Minor Modification application, file no. DIR-2010-05, as described in Section II of this Resolution; and WHEREAS, the necessary public notices have been given in accordance with the Procedural Ordinance of the City of Cupertino, and the Planning Commission has held one or more public hearings on this matter; and WHEREAS, the project changes are deemed minor in nature; and WHEREAS, the faux cupola is compatible with the design of the church, in that the architectural feature is common and compatible to the overall church design; is not disproportion in size compared to the church; and uses building materials that are consistent with the church's building materials; and WHEREAS, the personal wireless service facility is not located in an inappropriate location, in that the facility meets federal safety limits for radio frequency energy exposure for onsite and nearby land uses, such as a school; and hat the facility is sited in an appropriate location and designed in accordance with the City's Wireless Master Plan and Wireless Communications Facilities Ordinance; and WHEREAS, the methodology to calculate radio frequency power density is not wrong as it uses the equation prescribed by the Federal Communications Commission, the agency that promulgates the rules that regulates radio frequency energy exposure. 1-5 NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: That after careful consideration of maps, facts, exhibits, testimony and other evidence submitted in this matter, the appeal of Director's Minor Modification, file no. DIR2010-05 is hereby recommended for denial; and That the subconclusions upon which the findings and conditions specified in this resolution are based and contained in the public hearing record concerning Application No. DIR-2010- 05 as set forth in the Minutes of the Planning Commission Meeting of July 27, 2010, and are incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein. SECTION II: PROTECT DESCRIPTION Application No.: DIR-2010-05 (appeal) Applicant: Bradley Head, NSA Wir 2less for Clearwire Property Owner: West Valley Presbyterian Church Location: 6191 Bollinger Road SECTION III: CONDITIONS ADMINISTER:�D BY THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPT. 1. APPROVED EXHIBITS Director's Minor Modification Approval Memorandum, file no. DIR-2010-05 with attachments A through D dated May 27, 2010. 2. NOTICE OF FEES, DEDICATIONS, RESERVATIONS OR OTHER EXACTIONS The Conditions of Project Approval set forth herein may include certain fees, dedication requirements, reservation requirements, and other exactions. Pursuant to Government Code Section 66020(d) (1), these Conditions constitute written notice of a statement of the amount of such fees, and a description of the dedications, reservations, and other exactions. You are hereby further notified that the 90-day approval period in which you may protest these fees, dedications, reservations, and other exactions, pursuant to Government Code Section 66020(a), has begun. If you fail to file a protest within this 90-day period complying with all of the requirements of Section 66020, you will be legally barred from later challenging such exactions. 3. ABANDONMENT If after installation, the aerial is not used for its permitted purpose for a continuous period of 18 months, said antennae and associated facilities shall be removed. The applicant shall bear the entire cost of demolition and removal. 4. EXPIRATION DATE This Director's Minor Modification shall expire ten (10) years after the effective date of the permit. The applicant may apply for a renewal of the minor modification at which time the Director of Community Development may review the state of wireless 1-6 communication and camouflage tecluiologies to determine if the visual impact of the personal wireless facility can be reduc M. 5. POST -CONSTRUCTION RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY EXPOSURE TESTING Prior to the commercial operation of tjlis facility, the applicant shall submit a field test report on the radio frequency energy emissions to the Director of Community Development confirming that public exposures to generated radio frequency energy (measured at full power) complies w 1h federal safety standards at ground level and nearest residential property line (measured at second floor level). 6. DISCLOSURE OF PRESENCE OF PEF:SONAL WIRELESS SERVICE FACILITY Upon construction of the project, the property owner shall disclose the presence of personal wireless service facility to users and expected users of the school operations and provide a copy of such notice to the Director of Community Development. PASSED AND ADOPTED this 27th day of July 2010, at a Regular Meeting of the Planning Commission of the City of Cupertino, State of California, by the following roll call vote: AYES: COMMISSIONERS: NOES: COMMISSIONERS: ABSTAIN: COMMISSIONERS: ABSENT: COMMISSIONERS: ATTEST: Aarti Shrivastava Director of Community Development APPROVED: Paul Brophy, Chair Cupertino Planning Commission g:/planning/pdreport/res/2010/DIR-2010-05 res APPEAL.doc 1-7 Attachment 2 CITY OF CUPERTINO 10300 Torre Avenue, Cupertino, California 95014 (408) 777-3308 To: Mayor and City Council Members Chairperson and Planning Coiruniss:.oners From: Aarti Shrivastava, Director of Community Development Prepared by: Colin Jung, Senior Plar►ner Date: May 27, 2010 Subject: Director's Minor Modification, DIR-2010-05, to allow the installation of a personal wireless service facility on the roof of an existing church, consisting of three panel antennas and three microwave dishes screened by a faux cupola and a ground level equipment cabinet at 6191 Bollinger Road. Chapter 19.132 of the Cupertino Municipal Code allows for administrative approval of minor changes in a projec :. The Director reports his decision to the City Council, Planning Commission end property owners within 1,000 feet to afford interested parties time to appeal the decision within fourteen calendar da BACKGROUND: The applicant, Bradley Head, of NSA Wireless, representing Clearwire, is proposing to install a personal wireless service facility on the rooftop of the West Valley Presbyterian Church at 6191 Bollinger Road. The personal wireless service .'acility consists of three panel antennas and three rooftop microwave dishes mounted on the roof, and an equipment cabinet located in an enclosure at ground level. Clearwire is a subsidiary of Sprint/Nextel, that will provide Sprint's 4G (4th generation) technology. DISCUSSION: Screening Visible rooftop equipment must be screened from public street view. The equipment has been enclosed in a faux cupola constructed of radio transparent materials that do not interfere with the radio signals (Attachment A). The faux cupola has been designed to complement the design of the church, matching the roof materials and the brick columns at grade, enhancing the appearance of the church. Radio Frequency Energy (RFE) Assessment An RFE assessment was commissioned by the applicant to evaluate the RFE exposure from the personal wireless service facility against national safety standards . The study concluded that the potential exposure from RFE, at ground lcvel and from the second floor elevation of any 1-8 DIR-2010-05 6191 Bollinger Road Page 2 nearby building, are well below federal safety standards (respectively, 0.27% and 0.14% of the applicable public limit - see Attachment B). Technology, Information and Communications Commission (TICC) Review The Cupertino Technology, Information and Communications Commission (TICC) reviewed the proposal and commented that the proposed facility will provide adequate coverage to nearby residents, workers and businesses. TICC did not have any concerns about the visual effects or RFE of the antennas (Attachment C). ACTION: The Director of Community Development deems the modification minor and approves the wireless facility with the following conditions of approval. State law requires a minimum 10- year permit for personal wireless service facilities. 1. APPROVED EXHIBITS Approval is based on Exhibits titled: "CA-`>JC0140B/6191 Bollinger Road/Cupertino, CA 95014 prepared by CDG: Connell Design Group, LLC dated 03/04/10 and consisting of four sheets labeled T1, Al, A2, and A3, except as may be amended by the conditions contained in this resolution. 2. NOTICE OF FEES, DEDICATIONS, RESEI:VATIONS OR OTHER EXACTIONS The Conditions of Project Approval set forth herein may include certain fees, dedication requirements, reservation requirements, and other exactions. Pursuant to Government Code Section 66020(d) (1), these Conditions constitute written notice of a statement of the amount of such fees, and a description of the dedications, reservations, and other exactions. You are hereby further notified that the 90-day approval period in which you may protest these fees, dedications, reservations, and other exactions, pursuant to Government Code Section 66020(a), has begun. If you fail to file a protest within this 90-day period complying with all of the requirements of Section 66020, you will be legally barred from later challenging such exactions. 3. ABANDONMENT If after installation, the aerial is not used for its permitted purpose for a continuous period of 18 months, said antennae and associated facilities shall be removed. The applicant shall bear the entire cost of demolition and remDval. 4. EXPIRATION DATE This Directors Minor Modification shall expire ten (10) years after the effective date of the permit. The applicant may apply for a renewal of the minor modification at which time the Director of Community Development may review the state of wireless communication and camouflage technologies to determine if the visual impact of the personal wireless facility can be reduced. 6. POST -CONSTRUCTION RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY EXPOSURE TESTING Prior to the commercial operation of th.s facility, the applicant shall submit a field test report on the radio frequency energy emissions to the Director of Community Development confirming that public exposures to generated radio frequency energy (measured at full IM DIR-2010-05 6191 Bollinger Road Page 3 power) complies with federal safety starLdards at ground level and nearest residential property line (measured at second floor lev 21). 7. DISCLOSURE OYPRESENCE OF PERSONAL WIRELESS SERVICE FACILITY Upon construction of the project, the property owner shall disclose the presence of personal wireless service facility to users end expected users of the school operations and provide a copy of such notice to the Directc r of Community Development. This Director's approval is effective May 27, 2010. The fourteen calendar day appeal period will expire on June 10, 2010. Enclosures: Attachment A: Photosimulation Attachment B: Statement of Hammett & Edison, Inc., Consulting Engineers, on compliance with FCC standards for RFE exposure for the Clearwire, LLC Proposed Base Station (Site No. CA-SJC01401�), 6191 Bollinger Road, Cupertino, California'. Attachment C: Emails from TICC Commissioners Attachment D: Plan Set �0+(G Attachments are available in the Planning Der artment file and may be viewed at the City's website at www.cupertuzo.or . Select the hnl. to Public Records and select file number DIR- 2010-05. 1-10 4 j" -SJC0140B Looking Southeast from Miller Avenue clear West Valley Presbyterian Church Site # CA 6191 Bollinger Road 5/20/10 Cuperfino, CA 95014 Applied Iniaghtdion 510914.0500 West Valley Presbyterian Church Site # CA-SJC0140B Looking Northwest from Bollinger Road 6191 Bollinger Road Applied hagination 510 914 05CK) 5/20/10 Cupertino, CA 9,5014 1-12 Clearwire, LLC - Proposed Ease Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B) 6191 Bollinger Rcad - Cupertino, California Statement of Hammett & Edison, Inc., Consulting Engineers The firm of Hammett & Edison, Inc., Consult ng Engineers, has been retained on behalf of Clearwire, LLC, a personal wireless service provider, :o evaluate the base station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B) proposed to be located at 6191 Bollinger Road in Cupertino, California, for compliance with appropriate guidelines limiting human exposure to radio frequency ("RF") electromagnetic fields. Prevailing Exposure Standards The U.S. Congress requires that the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") evaluate its actions for possible significant impact on th,: environment. In Docket 93-62, effective October 15, 1997, the FCC adopted the human exposure limits for field strength and power density recommended in Report No. 86, "Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields," published in 1986 by the Congressio Tally chartered National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements ("NCRP"). Separate limits apply for occupational and public exposure conditions, with the latter limits generally five times more restrictive. The more recent standard, developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and approved as American National Standard ANSI/IEEE C95.1-2006, "Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz," includes similar exposure limits. A summary of the FCC's exposure limits is shown in Figure These limits apply for continuous exposures and are intended to provide a prudent margin of s�Lfety for all persons, regardless of age, gender, size, or health. The most restrictive FCC limit for exposures of unlimited duration to radio frequency energy for several personal wireless services are as follows: Personal Wireless Service Approx. Fre uenc Occupational Limit Public Limit Broadband Radio ("BRS") 2,600 MHz 5.00 mW/cm2 1.00 mW/cm2 Advanced Wireless ("AWS' 2,100 5.00 1.00 Personal Communication ("PCS") 1,950 5.00 1.00 Cellular Telephone 870 2.90 0.58 Specialized Mobile Radio ("SMR") 855 2.85 0.57 Long Term Evolution ("LTE") 700 2.33 0.47 [most restrictive frequency range] 30-300 1.00 0.20 General Facility Requirements Base stations typically consist of two distinct parts: the electronic transceivers (also called "radios" or "channels") that are connected to the traditional wired telephone lines, and the passive antennas that send the wireless signals created by the radios out to be received by individual subscriber units. The transceivers are often located at ground level and are connected to the antennas by coaxial cables HAmmETT & EDISON, INC. P IK, ao/0 '-05 CW0140B596.1 i CONSULTING ENGINEERS r1; i ;'j0 `S A'P'M�iC3�(AL- Page 1 of 4 Clearwire, LLC • Proposed Elase Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B) 6191 Bollinger Road • Cupertino, California about 1 inch thick. Because of the short wavelength of the frequencies assigned by the FCC for wireless services, the antennas require line -of sight paths for their signals to propagate well and so are installed at some height above ground. The antennas are designed to concentrate their energy toward the horizon, with very little energy wasted toward the sky or the ground. Along with the low power of such facilities, this means that it is generally not possible for exposure conditions to approach the maximum permissible exposure limits withour being physically very near the antennas. Compute - Modeling Method The FCC provides direction for determining t;ompliance in its Office of Engineering and Technology Bulletin No. 65, "Evaluating Compliance with FCC -Specified Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation," dated August 1997. Figure 2 attached describes the calculation methodologies, reflecting the facts that a directional antenna's radiation pattern is not fully formed at locations very close by (the "near -field" effe ;t) and that at greater distances the power level from an energy source decreases with the square of the distance from it (the "inverse square law"). The conservative nature of this method for evaluEting exposure conditions has been verified by numerous field tests. Site and Facility Description Based upon information provided by Clearwire, including drawings by Connell Design Group, LLC, dated July 28, 2009, it is proposed to mount three Kathrein Model 840-10054 directional panel BRS antennas within a view screen enclosure to be constructed on the highly peaked roof of the West Valley Presbyterian Church, located at 6191 Bollinger Road in Cupertino. The antennas would be mounted with 2° downtilt at an effective height of about 59 feet above ground and would be oriented at about 120' spacing, to provide service in all directions. The maximum effective radiated power in any direction would be 1,260 watts. Also proposed to be mounted within the enclosure are three microwave "dish" antennas, for interconnection of this site with others in the Clearwire network. There are reported no other wireless telecommunications base stations installed nearby. Study Results For a person anywhere at ground near the site, the maximum ambient RF exposure level due to the proposed Clearwire operation, including the contributions of the microwave antennas, is calculated to be 0.0027 mW/cm2, which is 0.27% of the Epplicable public limit. The maximum calculated level at the second -floor elevation of any nearby building' is 0.14% of the applicable public limit. It should be noted that these results include several "worst -case" assumptions and therefore are expected to ` Located at least 90 feet away, based on aerial photographs from Google Maps. HEHAMMETT & EDISON, INC. 2D lo.-0,5 CW014013596.1 CONSULTING ENCINEEIZS t Page 2 of 4 s aiv FxnxcIsm ��'-� 7`-/D Clearwire, LLC - Proposed Ease Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B) 6191 Bollinger Rcad - Cupertino, California overstate actual power density levels. Levels may exceed the public limit on the roof of the building in front of the enclosure, very near the antennas. Recommended Mitigation Measures Due to their mounting locations, the Clearwiro antennas would not be accessible to the general public, and so no mitigation measures are necessary to comply with the FCC public exposure guidelines. To prevent occupational exposures in excess cif the FCC guidelines, no access within 2 feet directly in front of the antennas themselves, such as might occur during maintenance work on the enclosure or the top of the roof, should be allowed while the base station is in operation, unless other measures can be demonstrated to ensure that occupational protection requirements are met. Posting explanatory warning signst on the screens in front of thc; antennas, such that the signs would be readily visible from any angle of approach to persons whi might need to work within that distance, would be sufficient to meet FCC -adopted guidelines. C onclusion Based on the information and analysis above, it is the undersigned's professional opinion that the base station proposed by Clearwire, LLC at 6191 Bollinger Road in Cupertino, California, will comply with the prevailing standards for limiting public ex posure to radio frequency energy and, therefore, will not for this reason cause a significant impact on the environment. The highest calculated level in publicly accessible areas is much less than the prevailing standards allow for exposures of unlimited duration. This finding is consistent with measurement3 of actual exposure conditions taken at other operating base stations. Posting of explanatory signs is recommended to establish compliance with occupational exposure limitations. f Warning signs should comply with OET-65 colo•, symbol, and content recommendations. Contact information should be provided (e.g., a telephone number) to airange for access to restricted areas. The selection of language(s) is not an engineering matter, and guidance from the landlord, local zoning or health authority, or appropriate professionals may be required. p HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. P I� c2-01 U CW0140B596.1 CONSULTING ENGINEERS s- SAN FRnNCrsco Page 3 of 4 Clearwire, LLC • Proposed Elase Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B) 6191 Bollinger Road • Cupertino, California Authorship The undersigned author of this statement iE a qualified Professional Engineer, holding California Registration Nos. E-13026 and M-20676, which expire on June 30, 2011. This work has been carried out under his direction, and all statements are true and correct of his own knowledge except, where noted, when data has been supplied by others, which data he believes to be correct. December 22, 2009 HHAmmm & EDISON, INC. CW0140B596.1 EMSAN CONSULTING ENcnvFExs Page 4 of 4 Fxntvctsco C '-27 //� FCC Radio Frequency Protection Guide The U.S. Congress required (1996 Telecom Act) the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") to adopt a nationwide human exposure standard to ensure that its licensees do not, cumulatively, have a significant impact on the environment. The FCC adopted the limits from Report No. 86, "Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields," published in 1986 by the Congressionally chartered National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements ("NCRP"). Separate limits apply for occupational and public exposure conditions, with the latter limits generally five times more restrictive. The more recent standard, developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and approved as American National Standard ANSYMEE C95.1-2006, "Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz," includes similar limits. These limits apply for continuous exposures from all sources and are intended to provide a prudent margin of safety for all persons, regardless of age, gender, size, or health. As shown in the table and chart below, separate limits apply for occupational and public exposure conditions, with the latter limits (in italics an(Vor dashed) up to five times more restrictive: Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (f is frequency of emission in MHzI Applicable Electric Magnetic Equivalent Far -Field Range Field Strengt Field Strength Power Density (MHz) (V/m) (A/m) (mW/cm2) 0.3 — 1.34 614 614 1.63 1.63 100 100 1.34— 3.0 614 823.3/f 1.63 2.19/f 100 18011 3.0 — 30 1842/ f 823. 3/f 4.89/ f 2.19/f 900/ f' 30 — 300 61.4 27.5 0.163 0.0729 1.0 0.2 300— 1,500 3.544f 1.59ff ff/106 Vf1238 f/300 f11500 1,500 — 100,000 137 61.4 0.364 0.163 5.0 1.0 1000 // Occupational Exposure 100 � PCS U 10 FM Cell aA3 1 ��� 0.1 Public Ex osu,-e 0.1 1 l0 100 103 104 105 Frequency (MHz) Higher levels are allowed for short periods o f time, such that total exposure levels averaged over six or thirty minutes, for occupational or public settings, respectively, do not exceed the limits, and higher levels also are allowed for exposures to small areas, such that the spatially averaged levels do not exceed the limits. However, neither of these allowances is incorporated in the conservative calculation formulas in the FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Bulletin No. 65 (August 1997) for projecting field levels. Hammett & Edison has built those formulas into a proprietary program that calculates, at each location on an arbitrary rectangular grid, the total expected power density from any number of individual radio sources. The program allows for the description of buildings and uneven terrain, if required to obtain more accurate p:-ojections. HEHAMMETT & EDISON, INC. I> il2 " oZQI o -05 FCC Guidelines CONSULTING ENGINEERS s ' P .. ^ `r '4. SANFRANCISCO �'% (D Figure 1 _.. F„ ._� RFR.CALCTM Calculation Methodology Assessment by Calculation of Compliance with FCC Exposure Guidelines The U.S. Congress required (1996 Telecom Act) the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") to adopt a nationwide human exposure standard to ensure that its licensees do not, cumulatively, have a significant impact on the environment. The maximum permissible exposure limits adopted by the FCC (see Figure 1) apply for continuous exposures from all sources and are intended to provide a prudent margin of safety for all persons, regardless of age, gender, size, or health. Higher levels are allowed for short periods of time, such that total exposure levels averaged over six or thirty minutes, for occupational or public settings, respectively, c_o not exceed the limits. Near Field. Prediction methods have been developed for the near field zone of panel (directional) and whip (omnidirectional) antennas, typical at wirell;ss telecommunications base stations, as well as dish (aperture) antennas, typically used for microwave links. The antenna patterns are not fully formed in the near field at these antennas, and the FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Bulletin No. 65 (August 1997) gives suitable formulas for calculating power density within such zones. For a panel or whip antenna, power density S = 180 x 0.1 x Pnet ' in mW /cm2 , 8 sw n x D x h 2 and for an aperture antenna, maximum power density Smax = n x h2 0.1x16xrlxPnet , inmW /cm , where 8BW = half -power beamwidtb of the antenna, in degrees, and Pnet = net power input to the antenna, in watts, D = distance from antenna, in meters, h = aperture height of the antenna, in meters, and it = aperture efficiency (miitless, typically 0.5-0.8). The factor of 0.1 in the numerators converts 1 o the desired units of power density. Far Field. OET-65 gives this formula for calculating power density in the far field of an individual RF source: 2.56x1.64x100xRFF2 xERP power density S = 4x.nxD 2 mW/2� where ERP = total ERP (all polarizations), in kilowatts, RFF = relative field factor at the direction to the actual point of calculation, and D = distance from the center of radiation to the point of calculation, in meters. The factor of 2.56 accounts for the increase in power density due to ground reflection, assuming a reflection coefficient of 1.6 (1.6 x 1.6 = 2.56). The factor of 1.64 is the gain of a half -wave dipole relative to an isotropic radiator. The factor :)f 100 in the numerator converts to the desired units of power density. This formula has been built into a proprietary program that calculates, at each location on an arbitrary rectangular grid, the total a ,cpected power density from any number of individual radiation sources. The program also allows for the description of uneven terrain in the vicinity, to obtain more accurate projections. D I R-auto-os K"EHAMMETT & EDISON, INC. Isr2' r „ I CONSULTINGENGINEERS �, L� ,��" ;>Y.,i6, Methodology sAN FRANCISCO .,..� V. Colin Jung Subject: FW: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referrals: DIR-2010-05; U-2010-01 Email 2 -----Original Message ----- From: Peter Friedland[mailto:peterfriedland@�;mail.com] Sent: Wednesday, February 17, 2010 12:25 AM To: Colin Jung; Avinash Gadre Subject: RE: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referral,.: DIR-2010-05; U-2010-01 Email 2 Dear Colin, My comments on the two proposed Clearwire app=.ications are as follows: 1. DIR-2010-15: the analysis of maximum possible radiation exposure appears technically correct and well -supported. The installation provides good coverage for the wimax frequencies. Esthetically the design seems nearly completely invisible to the casual observer, although as noted by staff, the terri "cupola" to describe the enclosure is incorrect. 2. U-2010-01: the analysis of maximum possible radiation exposure appears technically correct and well -supported. The installation provides good coverage for the wimax f requences. While the installation does subs-:antially change the look of the New Life Church, it provides no indication that it is an electronic installation, and I find it a clever way to blend into the existing church ;architecture. Peter Friedland Vice -Chair, TICC ,2olu -Os 1 9 Colin Jung Subject: FW: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referrals: DIR-2010-05; U-2010-01 From: Avinash Gadre [mailto:avigadre@hotmail.com] Sent: Tuesday, February 16, 2010 11:52 AM To: Colin Jung; Peter Friedland Subject: Re: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referrals: DIR-2010-C 5; U-2010-01 Hi Colin My comments - DIR-2010-05: 1. There are no technical concerns - antenna would provide adequate coverage. 2. Based on calculations provided by Clearwire, there are no concerns of public exposure 3. Even though proposed design is acceptable aesthetically, it is not cupola as described by the contractor. U-2010-01: 1. There are no technical concerns - antenna would provide adequate coverage. 2. Based on calculations provided by Clearwire, there are no concerns of public exposure 3. Aesthetically, the design goes well with rest of the building. Even though size of the modified rooftop is bigger compared the rest of the building, number of antennas are same as in proposal DIR-2010-05 (above). Regards Avinash �I�-�o►o �p5' r� S-'_� -7 =10 :s 1 1-20 3 $� u J Dili •��� idcts zlid kill wad Qy Q O�j I i 1PG095 VO'ON iH3Hf1O OVOH H3E)NIT 09 WL9 aot,�o0rs `do z d r�7 � W of 3�3 AA[3 3ItLkW.V1 AA[3 3ItLkW.V1 All � @ G � sir g ry e m W d W i9 i:NY � Q � 8 H U > ��8E'u 6L N NNNNNN W z W s t 00000 j�,tlp00000 F g:._. . Z 4 e� nN e Z In.1 a:395$ Efla h 2-9 88 o I Q 1_ EY $ w I-- m IM: i 1Yd888 1°ygAbli 12h if 88G g 4 � W U 2 m3 € w _Z o g5,"s s g .� MII CO : V z� z o� G 10 -; fit` cl �.xaana � ooN000 � V W96 VO SON ,1IA3dno N NNNNMN Zq E( OVOtl tl3°JNII'1O9 LBL9 o K K K K K IL k 00 00 0 W Q 8o��00 i'5—d� �Ea0oan NN g5�5 N �.��... I II I I I a_ g0 �iiilE A Al 4L096VO'ON awadno L9 �[ avow VADNII"M L6 z CID<[ 1 go v zl �l tli iEb �i `S O00000 ui a W zb N NN N N N F o Kkkkkk �—W 000a WC j O0 D�qa« a �F Z �- T.I.W m� 0 C-. U W N A i it a a� CU N FA +eaaaa 00000a VW96VO'ON LL.u3dno ZdNNNNNN wi w OdOi!li3JNll'1O9 LBl9 9KKKKKK J Attachment 3 City of Cupertino . JUN' 2M 10300 Torre Avenue E RT I N O Cupertino, CA 95014 CUPERTINO CITY CLERK CUP (408) '777-3223 3 APPEAL 1. Application No. 2. Applicant(s) Name:_ �7r� 3. Appellant(s) Name: ©tj6 YON Address rn Phone Number a— :5466oq Email 3) O(.Lcc.ho ovh 4. Please check one: Appeal a decision of Director of Community Development ❑ Appeal a decision of Director of Public Works ❑ Appeal a decision of Planning Commission ❑ Appeal a decision of Design Review Committee ❑ Appeal a decision of Code :3nforcement 5. Date of determination of Director or mailing of notice of City decision: �11G� 12-7� 2--6 1 D 6. Basis of appeal: 0 Lf C�� Cl� r`�ke �Ll�7raQ 7-70- UJ (rmx MrcAJIVOU�- �t 1t�t' /� T� f &r�ftC- ��� A-InIDL E Sc��� � � �� f� � � Signature(s) Please complete form, include appeal fee of $162.00 pursuant to Resolution No. 09-051 ($155.00 for massage application appeals', and return to the attention of the City Clerk, 10300 Torre Avenue, Cupertino, (408) 777-3223. 1-25 11PJ� 4�"z� Colin Jung Attachment 4 From: The Yuens [sixyuens@yahoo.com] Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2010 9:41 PM To: Mikkel Lantz; Colin Jung Subject: Antennae at West Valley Presb,lterian Church Hi all, Please take a look to this news came up this morning. Cell phones do not radiate as much as Wimax. I just wanted to give you this informEtion to let you know that there are many who are concerned about the possible radiation effects. Thank you, Ione Yuen http://www.govtech.com/gt/articles/765484 San Francisco Approves Cell Phone Radiation Wzrnings Created by Brian Shields on 6/22/2010 3:42:00 PM SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - San Francisco's Bozrd of Supervisors has approved a new law requiring cell phone retailers to post the amc,unt of radiation emitted from their phones. The board voted 10-1 Tuesday to approve a first -of -its -kind ordinance requiring stores to disclose the specific absorption rate, or SAR, of each phone they sell. The measure is backed by Mayor Gavin Newsom, who is expected to sign it within 10 days. Opponents say the city is responding to unfounded concern over cell phone radiation. Whether or not the radiation produced by cell phones causes cancer or other health problems is still a matter of debate among scientists. Advocates say they hope the labels will dissuade consumers from buying higher -radiation phones until the science is clearer. (Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.) print Here is the link: http://www.kron.com/News/ArticleView/tabid/29f;/smid/1126/ArticleID/6303/`reftab/536/t/San%20Fr ancisco%20Approves%2OCell%2OPhone%2ORadiationi:2OWarninRs/Default.aspx 1 1-26 Colin Jung From: The Yuens [sixyuens@yahoo.com] Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2010 10:05 AM To: Mikkel Lantz; Colin Jung Cc: daniel zhu; kemito kemito; Norman Yuen; The Yuens Subject: Hazards regarding Antenna at WVPC Attachments: ICNIRP Guidelines FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING.pdf Dear Mikkel (and Colin), Upon your request for information, here is some research regarding our concerns about the installation of the WiMax Antenna at West Valley Presbyterian Church. Some of these refer to Cell phone towers and WiMax i ; different than Cell phone towers. WiMax toweres will radiate more power than cell phone towers and the amount of time people spend on their computers is significantly more than they spend on cell phone calls. Thank you for your willingness to hear our concerns. Regards, Ione Yuen After quite some reading, I think there are few points worth to mention: 1. Radiation limit, per ICNIRP guideline (see attached), are "based on short-term, immediate health effects such as stimulation of peripheral nerves and muscles, shocks and burns caused by touching conducting objects, and elevated tissue temperatures resulting from absorption of energy during exposure to EMF. In the case of potential long-term effects of exposure, such as an increased risk of cancer, ICNIRP concluded that available data are insufficient to provide a basi3 for setting exposure restrictions," 2. What we are most concerned about most are th-1 "unknown" non -thermal" effects. Per FCC info below "It is generally agreed that further research is needed to determine the generality of such effects and their possible relevance, if any, to human health.", that i:; why prudent avoidance has been adopted in Australia, Sweden, and several U.S. states, including California, Colorado, Hawaii, New York, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin. http://www.who.int/peh-emf/meetings/:;outhkorea/enJLeeka Kheifets principle .pdf I have found two very useful web pages: 1. This one has a lot of info. http://emfsafetynetw:)rk.org/�p=l16, especially a. International Resolutions Advocating a Precautionary Approach to the Use and Expansion of Wireless Technologies b. HUNTINGTON BEACH - City leaders unanimously voted Monday night to move a cell phone tower that was slated to be built next to Harbour View School and sparked public outcry. Note "T- Mobile said that the cell phone tower is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission". c. Taiwan removes 1500 cell towers near 1 1-27 schools: http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2007/11/06/129715/1500-cellphone.htm d. Australian Democrats "Demand crackdown on mobile phone towers" http://www.democrats.org.au/news,'index.htm?press id=6417, http://www.democrats.org.au/docs/2007/Joining the Dotsll.pdf e. Oregon, USA city school board unplugs cell towers: http://www.oregonlive.com/news/irLdex.ssf/2008/09/west linnwilsonville school. Note "It hasn't been proven to be a hazard, but it hasn't been proven to be safe" 2. Peer -reviewed journal Pathophysiology has a s3ecial issue on science and health risks due to electromagnetic fields. Scientist, researchers, and public health policy professionals discussed the effect on DNA, brain, and in our environment. This is an excellent link. http://www.j oumals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/patphy/issues/contents?issue_key=S0928- 4680%2809%29X0003-9 --- On Mon, 6/14/10, The Yuens <sia yuens a7 ahoo.com> wrote: This is from the FCC Website: WHAT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS CAN BE CAUSED BY RF ENERGY? Biological effects can result from exposure to RF energy. Biological effects that result from heating of tissue by RF energy are often referred to as "thermal" effect:;. It has been known for many years that exposure to very high levels of RF radiation can be harmful due to the ability of RF energy to heat biological tissue rapidly. ThiE is the principle by which microwave ovens cook food, Exposure to very high RF intensities can result in heating of biological tissue and an increase in body temperature. Tissue damage in humans could occur during exposure to high RF levels because of the body's inability to cope with or dissipate the excessive heat that could be generated. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the; testes, are particularly vulnerable to RF heating because of the relative lack of available blood flow to dissipat-; the excess heat load. At relatively low levels of exposure to RF radiation, i e., levels lower than those that would produce significant heating; the evidence for production of harmful biological effects is ambiguous and unproven. Such effects, if they exist, have been referred to as "non -thermal" effects. A number of reports have appeared in the scientific literature describing the observation of a range of biological effects resulting from exposure to low -levels of RF energy. However, in most cases, further experimental research has been unable to reproduce these effects. Furthermore, since much of the research is not done on whole bodies (in vivo), there has been no determination that such effects constitute a human health hazard. It is generally agreed that further research is needed to determine the generality of such effects and their possible relevance, if any, to human health. In the meantime, standards -setting organizations and government agen-;ies continue to monitor the latest experimental findings tc confirm their validity and determine whether changes in safety limits are needed to protect human health. QjqcR to Index 1 —�8 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia WiMAX From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Attachment 5 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. Th.- current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s [1][21 with the IEEE 802.16m update expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. (WiMAX is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, also called Broadband `fireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX131 as standards -based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternati-v e to cable and DSL".141 Contents ■ 1 Terminology ■ 2 Uses ■ 2.1 Broadband ■ 2.2 Back -haul ■ 2.3 Triple -play ■ 2.4 Rapid deployment ■ 3 Connecting to WiMAX ■ 3.1 WiMAX Gateways ■ 3.2 WiMAX Dongles ■ 3.3 WiMAX Mobiles ■ 4 Technical information ■ 4.1 WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16 Standard ■ 4.2 Physical layer ■ 4.3 MAC (data link) layer ■ 4.4 Deployment ■ 4.5 Integration with an IP-based netw )rk ■ 4.6 Spectrum allocation ■ 4.7 Spectral efficiency_ ■ 4.8 Inherent Limitations ■ 4.9 Silicon implementations ■ 4.10 Comparison with Wi-Fi ■ 5 Conformance testing ■ 6 Associations ■ 6.1 WiMAX Forum ■ 6.2 WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliar. ce ■ 7 Competing technologies ■ 7.1 Harmonization ■ 7.2 Comparison ■ 8 Future development ■ 9Interference ■ 10 Deployments ■ 11 See also WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and wireless modem on top A pre-WiMAX CPE of a 26 km (16 mi) connection mounted 13 metres (43 ft) above the ground (2004, Lithuania). 1-29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiNtAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 15 ■ 12 References ■ 13 External links Terminology WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 wireless -networks standard (ratified by the WiMAX Forum), in similarity with Wi-Fi, which refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard (ratified by the Wi-Fi Alliance). The WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell their equipment as WiMAX (Fixed or Mobile) certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The IEEE 802.16 standard forms the basis of'WiN/AX and is sometimes referred to colloquially as "WiMAX", "Fixed WiMAX", "Mobile WiMAX", '802.16d" and "802.16e."151 Clarification of the formal names are as follow: ■ 802.16-2004 is also known as 802.16d, which refers to the working parry that has developed that standard. It is sometimes referred to as "Fixed WiMAX," since it has no support for mobility. ■ 802.16e-2005, often abbreviated to 802.16e, is an amendment to 802.16-2004. It introduced support for mobility, among other things anc is therefore also known as "Mobile WiMAX". Mobile WiMAX is the WiMAX incarnation that has the most commercial interest to date and is being actively deployed in many countries. Mobile WiM4X is also the basis of future revisions of WiMAX. As such, references to and comparisons with "WiN[AX" in this Wikipedia article mean "Mobile WiMAX". Uses The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suiteble for the following potential applications: ■ Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. . Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access. ■ Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) ;uid IPTV services (triple play). ■ _Providing_a_source of Internet connectivity_ as part of a business continuity plan. That is if a business has both a fixed and a wireless Inte net connection, especially from unrelated providers, it is less likely to be affected by the same service outage. ■ Providing a network to facilitate machine to machine communications, such as for Smart Metering. Broadband Companies are deploying WiMAX to provide motile broadband or at-home broadband connectivity across whole cities or countries. In many cases thi: has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access to broadband through an existing incumbent DSL (or alike) operator. Additionally, given the relatively low cost to deplcy a WiMAX network (in comparison to GSM, DSL or Fiber -Optic), it is now possible to provide broadband in places where it may have not been economically viable. 1-30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 15 Back -haul WiMAX is a possible replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. F fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and poor nations.[6][7] In North America, backhaul for urban cellular operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line T1 connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In most other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumb,;nt with ready access to the copper network, in which case T1 lines may be used). WiMAX is a broadband platform and as such has much more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Therefore, traditional copper wire line backhaul solutions are not appropriate. Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded.[$] Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbitls[citation needed] are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1 ms. In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient. Triple -play WiMAX supports the technologies that make triple -play service offerings possible (such as Quality of Service and Multicasting). As a result, it is possible for a WiMAX operator to not only provide high-speed broadband internet access, but also VoIP and IPTV services to custom.-rs with relative ease. This enables a WiMAX service to be a replacement for DSL, Cable and Telephony services. On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nexte:, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 qHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name Clear. The new company hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple -play services. Some analysts have questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed -mobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior atteripts to form partnerships among wireless and cable _ companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable and DSL, thrusting competitors into bed together. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase. Rapid deployment ■ WiMAX access was used to assist with communications in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami in December 2004. All communication infrastructure in the area, other than amateur radio, was destroyed, making the survivors unable to communicate with people outside the disaster area and vice versa. WiMAX provided broadband access that helped regenerate communication to and from Aceh. 1-31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 4 of 15 WiMAX was donated by Intel Corporation to assist the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and FEMA in their communications efforts in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina.191 In practice, volunteers used mainly self -healing mesh, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and a satellite uplink combined with Wi-Fi on the local link.['01 Connecting to WiMAX There are numerous devices on the market that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network. These are known as the "subscriber unit" (SU). There is an increasing focus on portable units, this includes handsets (similar to cellular smartphones), PC peripherals (I'C Cards or USB dongles), and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis; from operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. It is notable that WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to 3G cellular technologies. The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of cert.fied devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile internet devices), and other private labeled devices. WiMAX Gateways WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers. Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as ZyXEL, Motorola, and Greenpacket are stand-alone self -install indoor uni-S. Such devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best WiMAX signal, and provide: A WiMAX Gateway which provides VoIP, Ethernet and WiFi connectivity A WiMAX USB modem for ■ An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet mobile internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout 1 he home or business. - -■Ethernet ports should -you wish -to -connect directly- to -your- computer- or- D-V-R instead.--------- --- -- - ---- ■ One or two PSTN telephone jacks to connec: your land -line phone and take advantage of VoIP. Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses rrLean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally -installed external units. Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher -gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit. WiMAX Dongles There are a variety of USB dongles on the market -which provide connectivity to a WiMAX network. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or netbook whilst on the go. Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennae which are of lower -gain .ompared to other devices, as such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage. 1-32 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 5 of 15 WiMAX Mobiles HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on Nov 12th 2008. 11 The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network. HTC released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device made available on June 4, 20101121 is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMax(4G) as well as simultaneous data & vc ice sessions. The device also has a front -facing camera enabling the use of video conversations.E131 A number of WiMAX Mobiles are expected to hit the US market in 2010.114] Technical information WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16 Standard The current WiMAX revision is based upon IEEE Std 802.16e- 2005,1151 approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16-2004,1161 and so the actual standard is 802.16- 2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together. IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004 by: ■ Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover Illustration of a WiMAX MIMO between base stations). This is seen as one o.'the most board important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is th(; very basis of Mobile WiMAX. ■ Scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, ether frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not=be- optimal Jor-implementations.--- - ---- --- - - - --- - -- --- - ■ Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat -request (HARQ) ■ Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and MUM 3 technology . Denser sub-channelization, thereby improvir. g indoor penetration ■ Introducing Turbo Coding and Low -Density Parity Check (LDPC) ■ Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa ■ Fast Fourier transform algorithm ■ Adding an extra QoS class for VoIP applicat.ons. SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e.g., Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX). Physical layer 1-33 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 6 of 15 The original version of the standard on which WiTYAX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, updE fed in 2004 to 802.16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.16-2004 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency -division multiple access (SOFDMA) as apposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency -division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub -carries s (of which 200 are used) in 802.16d. More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO (See WiMAX MIMO). This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re- use and bandwidth efficiency. MAC (data link) layer The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot car, enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over -subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of service (QoS) parameters by balancing the time -slot assignments among the apf lication needs of the subscriber stations. Deployment As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next -generation data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high signal strength and a carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed. Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined _argely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade- off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station. The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network. The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.) ThiE could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames. As a result the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality. Integration with an IP-based network 1-34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilWiN4AX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 7 of 15 The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected with an IP based core network, which is typically chosen by operators that serve as Internet Service Providers (ISP); Nevertheless the WiMAX BS provide seamless integration capabilities with other types of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Ne tworks. The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of components, plus some of the interconnections (or reference points) between these, labeled R1 to R5 and R8: ■ SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station ■ ASN: the Access Service Network[l�] ■ BS: Base station, part of the ASN • ASN-GW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN ■ CSN: the Connectivity Service Network ■ HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN • AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Ac-,ounting Server, part of the CSN ■ NAP: a Network Access Provider ■ NSP: a Network Service Provider It is important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware configurations rather than fixed configurations. For example, the architecture is flexible enough to allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying size - e.g. femto, pica, and mini BS as well as macros. Spectrum allocation There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiNL X, however the WiMAX Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GM, and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardisation and decrease cost. In the USA, the biggest segment available is aroun3 2.5 GHzj181 and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the wor: d, the most -likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3.5 GHz. Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available for WiMAX usage, but await the complete roll out of digital TV, and there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&TJM Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re -allocation of 500-800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX, [20] WiMAX profiles, define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter - operating products. The current fixed profiles are a efined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MF1z, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802.16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles.) 1-35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 8 of 15 Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards.E211 This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5-2.69 GHz band at this stage) to use WMA X equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000. Spectral efficiency One of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. For example, 802.16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3.7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3.5-4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. This multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment topologies. The direct use of frequency domain organization simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS compared to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more effective systems. Inherent Limitations A commonly -held misconception is that WiMAX Nvill deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 kilometers. Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can either operate at higher bitrates or over longer distances but not both: operating at the maximum range of 50 km (31 miles) increases bit error rate and thus results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range: (to under 1 km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates. A recent city-wide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia, has demonstrated that customers at the cell -edge with an indoor CPE typically obtain speeds of around 1-4 Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell tower obtaining speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s. Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of W1MA.'s Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4- 8 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required. Silicon im�entations A critical requirement for the success of a new technology is the availability of low-cost chipsets and silicon implementations. WiMAX has a strong silicon ecosystem with a number of specialized companies producing baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for implementing full -featured WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5Ghz band (refer to 'Spectrum allocation' above) It is notable that most of the major semiconductor companies have not developed WiMAX chipsets of their own and have instead chosen to invest in and/or utilise the well developed products from smaller specialists or start-up suppliers. These companies include but not limited to Beceem, Sequans and PicoChip. The chipsets from these companies are used in the majority of WiMAX devices. Intel Corporation is a leader in promoting Wi"-_, but has limited its WiMAX chipset development and instead chosen to invest in these specialized companies producing silicon compatible with the 1-36 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiN4AX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 9 of 15 various WiMAX deployments throughout the globe. Comparison with Wi-Fi Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. ■ WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometers, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet. ■ Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a local network. ■ Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices. ■ Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection -oriented MAC. ■ WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different qual ty of service (QoS) mechanisms: . WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms. ■ Wi-Fi uses contention access - all subs-.riber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations disUnt from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. ■ Both 802.11 and 802.16 define Peer -to -Peer (P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802.11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802.16 end user devices must be in range of the base station. Wi-Fi and WiMAX are complementary. WiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit which connects to the metropolitan. WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi within the home or business for local devices (e.g., Laptops, NVi-Fi Handsets, smartphones) for connectivity. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area (such as a window), and still be able to use the WiMAX network from any place within their residence. Conformance testing -- - TTCN=3 test -specification language -is used for the purposes -of -specifying -conformance -tests -for WiMAX implementations. The WiMAX test suite :.s being developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252).[22] Associations WiMAX Forum The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and services.1231 A major role for the organization is to certify the ir.teroperability of WiMAX products.1241 Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation, and can display this mark on their products and market ng materials. Some vendors claim that their 1-37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiNLALX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 10 of 15 equipment is "WiMAX-ready", "WiMAX-compliant", or "pre-WiMAX", if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified. Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to do so, it has a certified training program that is cun•ently offered in English and French. It also offers a series of member events and endorses some indusby events. WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focussed on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.3-2.5 GHz and the 3.4-3.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008. 1251 WiSOA WiSOA logo Competing technologies Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition comes from existing, widely deployed wireless systems such as UMTS, CDMA2000, existing Wi-Fi and mesh networking. In the future, competition will be from the evolution of the major cellular standards to so-called 4G, high -bandwidth, low -latency,. all-IP networks with voice services built on top. The worldwide move to 4G for GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution effort. However, it has been noted that the likely performance difference between WiMAX as it stands today and LTE when it is eventually commercially available in 2-3 years time, will be negligible. needed) .wKT Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM LTE is expected to be ratified at the end of 2010, with commercial implementations becoming viable within the next two years.. End of 2009 TeliaSonera started commercial deployment in Oslo and Stockholm, In Denmark the 3 big telecoms are upgrading their network, and will make LTE available during 2010. In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the EU-wide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked. Harmonization Early WirelessMAN standards, the European standard HiperNL N and Korean standard WiBro have been harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All 1-38 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 11 of 15 networks now being deployed in South Korea, the 'iome of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX. Comparison Main article: Comparison of wireless data stcndards The following table should be treated with caution because it only shows peak rates which are potentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical channel size (i.e., spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net through -put capabilities of the different wireless te.;hnologies listed below. Comparison of M,)bile Internet Access methods Downlink Uplink StandardH FamilyH Primary UseC Radio Tech" (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) Noti ❑H ►a LTE-Ad` update ea to offer p LTE UMTS/4GSM General 4G OFDMA/MIMO/SC- FDMA 360 80 ' rates of a Gbit/s fr. speeds ar to users. users. WiMAX IEEE 80: WiMAX 802.16e Mobile Internee MIMO-SOFDMA 144 �35 expected to 1 Gbit speeds. Mobile Internee. Mobile r; Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM mobility up to 200mph Flash-OFDM 10.6 3.6 18miles ( extended (350km/h) 15.9 5.4 34 miles HIPERMAN— -Mobile Internet OFDM — — 56.9 - — UPER-MAN-- 56-.9 — Antenna, front end enhancer and min( 288.9 I protocol Wi-Fi 802.11 Mobile Interne: OFDM/MIMO (Supports 600Mbps tweaks h (1 ln) @ 40MHz channel helped di width) long ran€ network,, i compron radial co throughp and/or sI 1-39 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiN4AX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 12 of 15 efficient: (310km 3 82km). Cell Rad: 12 km Speed: 2: iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet HC (95 36 Spectral SDMA/TDD/MIMO Efficient bits/s/Hz ' Spectrum Factor: " EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.9 0.9 3GPP Re HSDPA' deployed UMTS W- Typical c CDMA CDMA/FDD 0.384 0.384 rates tod, UMTS/3GSM General 3G 14.4 5.76 Mbit/s, HSDPA+HSUPA HSPA+ CDMA/FDD/NIIMO 56 22 kbit/s up] HSPA+ downlink 56 Mbit/: Reported according IPWirele UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 16 16QAM modulati, similar tc HSDPAA 1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0.144 0.144 Succeede EV-DO EV- Rev B nc DO 1x Rev. 0 2.45 0.15 the numb CDMA2000 Mo -i a Internet - D - - - DD — —-1 -1:25-1VIH -- -EV= — - DO 1x Rev.A 4.9xN 1.8xN chunks o EV-DO Rev.B _ _ _ spectrum Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and w-11 vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ;round speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandvidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards. See also Comparison of mobile phone standards, Spectral efficiency comparison table ant OFDM system comparison table. Future development The IEEE 802.16m [ 1 ] standard is the core technology for the proposed WiMAX Release 2, which 1-40 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiN4AX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 13 of 15 enables more efficient, faster, and more converged data communications. The IEEE 802.16m standard has been submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced :;tandardization[26]. IEEE 802.16m is one of the major candidates for IMT-Advanced technologies by ITL . Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m systems can provide four times faster data speed than the current WiMAX Release 1 based on IEEE 802.16e technology. WiMAX Release 2 will provide strong backward c :)mpatibility with Release 1 solutions. It will allow current WiMAX operators to migrate their Release 1 solutions to Release 2 by upgrading channel cards or software of their systems. Also, the subscribers who use currently available WiMAX devices can communicate with new WiMAX Release 2 system;; without difficulty. It is anticipated that in a practical deployment, using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with only a single 20-MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802.16m system can support both 120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbit/s uplink per site simultaneously. It is expected that the WiMAX Release 2 will be available commercially in the 20:-1-2012 timeframe.[27] The goal for the long-term evolution of WiMAX is to achieve 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s fixed - nomadic bandwidth as set by ITU for 4G NGMN (next Generation Mobile Network). Interference A field test conducted by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from the U.S. Navy, the Global V SAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded results showing interference at 12 km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX systems and satellites in C- band.[2$] The WiMAX Forum has yet to respond. Deployments Main article: List of deployed WiMff networks As of April 2010, the WiMAX Forum claims there are over 558 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks deployed in over 147 countries.[29] Yota is the largest WiMAX network operator in the: world["] but has announced that it will move new network deployments to LTE, and subsequently ch mge its existing networks also. l31 ] See also ■ Evolved HSPA . High -Speed Packet Access (HSPA) ■ List of deployed WiMAX networks ■ Mobile broadband ■ Mobile VoIP ■ Municipal broadband ■ Packet Burst Broadband (PBB) ■ Switched mesh ■ Wireless bridge ■ Wireless local loop 1-41 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiNLA,X 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 14 of 15 References 1. ^ "Mobile WiMAX Speed Test Results in Perth, Australia - 1 to 37 Mbps, 12mbps Average". http://forums.whirlpool.net.au/forum-replies.cfin?t=1418240. Retrieved 2010-04-14. 2. ^ "Speeding Up WiMax, Today the initial WiMw. system is designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit per second data rates.". http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/ct)mmunity/features/interviews/blog/speeding-up-wimax/? cs=40726. Retrieved 2010-04-17. 3. ^ "Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Future of Wireless Broadband"". http://www.techpluto.com/wimax-in-detail/. 4. ^ "WiMax Forum - Technology". http://www.winiaxforum.org/technology/. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 5. ^ "IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Standard: Myths End Facts". ieee802.org. http://www.ieee802.org/16/does/06/C80216-06_007rl.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 6. ^ "Sprint Eyes WiMax Backhaul". lightreading.com. http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp? doc_id=104349. Retrieved 2008-03-22. 7. ^ "WiMax signals get stronger in India". eetimes.,;om. http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.ihtml?articleID=206901605. Retrieved 2008-03-22. 8. ^ "Overcoming the wire -line bottleneck for 3G w reless services". supercommnews.com. http:Hsupercommnews.com/wireless/features/wire!line_wireless_networks_060305/. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 9. ^ "FCC Pushes WIMax OK for Katrina Victims, ntel supplies the hardware". mobilemag.com. http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/102/C4618/. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 10. ^ "Volunteers use mesh, wimax, wi-fi, in katrina- iit regions". wifinetnews.com. http://wifinetnews.com/archives/2005/10/volunteers_use_mesh_wimax_wi-fi_in_katrina-hit_regions.html. Retrieved 2009-03-31. 11. ^ http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=76204&lang=1033 12. ^ http://newsreleases.sprint.com/phoenix.zhtml?c 127149&p=irol- newsArticle_Print_ newsroom&ID=1426178&hig alight= 13. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/htc-evo-z g-is-sprints-android-powered-knight-in-superphone-anno/ 14. ^ http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showA.rtic.-e.jhtml?articleID=224201135 15. ^ "IEEE 802.16e Task Group (Mobile WirelessMAN)". ieee802.org. http://www.ieee802.org/16/tge/. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 16. ^ "IEEE 802.16 Task Group d". ieee802.org. http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgd/. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 17. ^ "The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASN-GW". mustafaergen.com. http://www.mustafaergen.com/asn-gw.pdf. Retrie red 2008-03-12. 18. ^ "U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart". Department of Commerce. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 19. ^ "Auctions Schedule". Federal Communications Commission. http://wireless.fec.gov/auctions/default.htm? job=auctions_sched. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 20. ^ "European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax". zdnetasia.com. http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications/0,39044192,62021021,00.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 21. ^ "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards". itu.int. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007.'30.html. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 22. ^ "HiperMAN / WiMAX Testing". ETSI. http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/technologies/HiperMAN- WiMAXTesting.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-28. 23. ^ "WiMAX Forum Overview". http://www.wimacforum.org/about. Retrieved 2008-08-01. 24. ^ "WiMAX Forum - Frequently Asked Questions". wimaxforum.org. http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/faq. Retfieved 2008-03-12. 25. ^ "WBA and WiSOA join efforts on WiMAX global roaming". http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2008/04/24/wba-acid-wisoa join-efforts-on-wimax-global-roaming. Retrieved 2008-12-10. 26. ^ "802.16m submitted to ITU for IMT-Advanced standardization". http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/news/index.html?WT.mc_id=hpn_newsroomu. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 27. ^ "Global WiMAX network deployments surpass 500". http://www.wimaxforum.org/node/1724. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 28. ^ "SUIRG full interference test report". suirg.org. http://www.suirg.org/pdf/SUIRG_WiMaxFieldTestReport.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 29. ^ http://www.wimaxforum.org/ 1-42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 15 of 15 30. ^ Maravedis, 4Q 2009, http://www.unova.ru/article/2631, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx? DocslD=1310343 31. ^ Russia Today, 21 May 2010 - Scartel dropping Wimax, aiming for LTE - RT - [rt.com/Business/2010-05- 21 /scartel-dropping-wimax-Ite.html] ■ K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi -Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDMand MC- CDMM to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2 . M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband -Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009 ISBN 978-0-387- 68189-4 External links ■ WiMAX Forum ■ How WiMAX Works at HowStuff Works ■ Internet Protocol Journal Overview of Mobile WiMAX ■ Patent alliance formed for WiMAX 4G techr.ology ■ WiMAX.com ■ WiMAX vs. LTE Internet access Wired Wireless Network Unlicensed type Optical Coaxial Twisted Phone line power terrestrial Licensed Satellite cable pair line bands terrestrial bands Wi-Fi - HomePNl, Bluetooth LAN Ethernet G.hn Ethernet • G G.hn DECT Wireless USB GPRS • iBurst PON • Dial -up • WiBro/WiMAX - WAN Ethernet DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN • BPL Muni Wi-Fi UMTS-TDD, Satellite j DSL HSPA • EVDO Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiNL\X" Categories: IEEE 802 1 Wireless networking I Metr�)politan area networks I Ethernet I Network access . This page was last modified on 8 July 2010 at 16:47. ■ Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipediag is a registered trademark of the 'Nikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. ■ Privacy policy ■ About Wikipedia ■ Disclaimers 1-43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010 Attachment 6 County of Santa Clara Office of the Sheriff s3, �V&St vourgur AVenuc San Jose. California 9-31 10-1721 (408) SOS -.I too Lzwric Smith Sheri IT June 23, 2010 Rick Kitson City of Cupertino 10300 Torre Ave. Cupertino, Ca. 95014 Dear Rick, Recently I had been requested to respond to any concerns or needs relating to Public Safety services, and needs that the Sheriff's Office may have for cell phone services in the City of Cupertino. The Sheriffs Office provides the Public Safety services to the city of Cupertino. One of the tools used by the Sheriff s Office is the Mobil Data Terminals in the vehicles, as well as cell phones. The MDTs in the vehicle rely upon cell service in order to have a connection, and keep a connection while on patrol in the city. The deputies also use their cell phones to communicate from time to time. We have noticed that there are several areas within the city limits of Cupertino that we do not have good cell service. When the cell service fails, it causes the MDT in the vehicle to shut down. This creates and service problem for the deputy working in that area, or passing through that area. He/She then has to wait until they are back in an area where there is good cell service before they can use tho MDT in the vehicle, or their cell phone to communicate with dispatch. It becomes frustrating to the deputies to continue to lose cell service and continually have to restart their systems. C-.tpertino's coverage is relatively good, but there are several areas where cell service becomes a f roblem. __ Tho_Slieriff s Office would strongly supportan5•_additional cell towers that could be placed_in the city of Cupertino to improve those areas that lack coverage. This would help assure that deputies remain connected in order to provide service obligations to the city. The additional cell coverage will help to increase officer safety by not losing access to MDTs and cell phones. It would also assist when we have to set up an Incident Command Post to monitor and run an incident. When in an area with little to no cell service, common -cation for an incident becomes critical and no service puts residents and law enforcement personnel at risk. Sincerely, Captain Terry Calderone West Valley Division Commander 1-44 VI Attachment 7 -----Original Message ----- From: Traci Caton Sent: Wednesday, July 14, 2010 6:16 PM To: 'Claire Arnold' Cc: Colin Jung Subject: RE: Wimax Hi Ms. Arnold, Thank you for your e-mail. Please find attached the original approval for the project of interest. The decision of the Community Development Director is being appealed by a resident in the neighborhood. The appeal hearings are scheduled as follows: Planning Commission Tuesday, July 27, 2010 City Council Tuesday, August 3, 2010 Please let me know if you have any further questions. Sincerely, Traci Caton 408.777.3253 Community Development City of Cupertino -----Original Message ----- From: Claire Arnold[mailto:ClaireA_2006@hotmail.com] Sent: Wednesday, July 14, 2010 8:41 AM To: City of Cupertino Planning Dept. Subject: Wimax Hi, I am a resident near Hyde middle'school and have had a letter dropped into my mailbox last night that I would like some clarification on. --------The- Letter states a WiMax_Tower is_going_up_on the corner of Bollinger and Miller on Church property. I got the report from the church that reported on various bands of radiation that seem very innocuous. However, when my husband looked up WiMax, it seemed different than those listed in the report. Could you please verify what exactly the tower will be putting out, the radiation in the report or, something slightly different not stated in the report? Thanks, Claire Arnold 898 Hyde Avenue Cupertino 1-45 From: Gary Chao Sent: Wednesday, July 21, 2010 9:113 AM To: Beth Ebben Subject: FW: Planning public input From: Pkot@aol.com [mailto:Pkot@aol.com] Sent: Friday, July 16, 2010 10:05 PM To: Piu Ghosh Cc: Gary Chao Subject: Planning public input Hi Piu I see that the City is soliciting public input on its planning process. I have 2 suggestions: 1. Make the bldg permits more readable as underwriters at BofA cannot read a bldg permit. We went thru 2 recent refis, and BofA just did not understand that our bldg permit WAS final. Maybe add a clearly defined bold block with final date and signature and remove the bottom small reference to firials as that is misleading. 2. The planning process really needs to come into the 21 st century and consider safety of technological developments going on in the city. I am particularly concerned with the placement of Wimax towers near ANY residential homes. WiMax is NOT a cell tower. It emits 20 watts and that is HUGE. The cell companies are giving financial incentives to churches to allow a Wimax to be placed on their roofs and the radiat on emitted is NOT safe. My understanding is that planning really doesn't care (as long as its not ugly). Need to bring n some knowledge to the staff on this Wimax stuff as its way more radiation than a cell tower. Maybe add something to the environmental impact to address radiation safety. thanks Pat Kot 1 1-46 Beth Ebben From: Traci Caton on behalf of City of Cupertino Planning Dept. Sent: Monday, July 19, 2010 9:24 AM To: Colin Jung; Gary Chao Cc: Beth Ebben; Aarti Shdvastava Subject: FW: Objection to installing W[Aax Radio tower at 6191 Bollinger Rd, Application NO DIR-2010-05 fyi From: Xin Guo [mailto:xln.guo08@gmaii.com] Sent: Saturday, July 17, 2010 4:09 PM To: City of Cupertino Planning Dept. Subject: Objection to installing WiMax Radio tower at 6191 Bollinger Rd, Application NO DIR-2010-05 City of Cupertino, I am writing regarding to the matter of Application N ) DIR-2010-05 that proposing installing of WiMax radio tower at 6101 Bollinger Rd. I won't be able to make it to the pulic hearing so I want my opinion being counted. I am very concerned with long term health effect of slich a high power radio tower being installed in such a densely populated area. My house is less than 200 yai d from it. Without an unbiased long term health study showing that it is safe to do so, I strongly object the plan to install such tower. Regards, Xin Guo Resident at 6105 Castleknoll Drive, San Jose, CA 95129.