Exhibit CC 06-19-12 Oral Communications Tracking Fluoride in the National Food Supply/November 9,2004/... http:/ www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2004 04 1109.htm
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Trackirsri Fluca°sk:kii, ire the' €A:o?11 f-004.1 : I
Read the
Browse.By Subject By Rosalie Marion Biiss magazine
November 9, 2004 story to
find out
R The Agricultural Research Service has launched a database that lists the level of more
fluoride in 400 separate food and beverage items.The list will be important to
a Pmickipts tSs researchers who strive to estimate the amount of fluoride that individuals
011 consume daily.
0,- People& was
rows&[vents For more than half a century,to prevent tooth decay, small amounts of fluoride have been added
■ to many U.S. municipal water supplies.That fluoride,as well as naturally occurring fluoride from
'Search News& wells and other water sources, subsequently finds its way into water-based beverages and foods.
Events
News An Adequate Intake level has been set for fluoride at 3 milligrams(mgs)daily for women and 4
News archive mgs daily for men. But until now,scant data existed on the quantity of fluoride in the national
food supply.
News by e-mail
Nutrition news The USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods was posted last month on
the World Wide Web. The project was coordinated by nutritionist Rena.Cutrufelli with the ARS
''Magazine Nutrient Data Laboratory, which is part of the agency's Beltsville (Md.) Human Nutrition Research
Image Gallery Center.
Noticias en espanol The project is part of an interagency agreement between the ARS Beltsville laboratory,the
'Press Room National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and the National Heart,_Lungand Blood
"Video Institute, both in Bethesda, Md.
"'Briefing Room The new compilation is based on acceptable data extracted from reviews of existing scientific
"Events literature, as well as on data analyzed by scientists at the_U_niversity_of Iowa College of Dentistry,
in Iowa City.
The data is also part of a food-and-'beverage intake survey tool now being developed by
researchers at the University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center(N.CC).That tool will be
used to assess the amount of fluoride individuals consume from dietary and nondietary sources,
including fluoride supplements and toothpastes.
To access the new database on the Internet, go to:
httv://www.ars.usda.nov/Services/dOcs.htm?docid=6312
Read more about this research in the November issue of Agricultural Research magazine.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.
(To.R]
Last Modified: 11/09/2004
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, FOIA I Accessibility Statement I Privacy Policy I Nondiscrimination Statement I Information Quality I USA.gov I White House
1 of 1 • 6/19/2012 12:02 PM
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Arlene Goetze—Advocate Against Toxins for Children )L ..
877 Spinosa Dr., Sunnyvale CA 94087 * photowrite67(%yahoo.corn * 408.245.8663
3 minutes to Cupertino City Council --June 19, 2012
I'm Arlene Goetze, an Advocate Against Toxins for Children. I've been emailing you for
5 months on fluoride. I hope you've read some.
In 1956 I worked for fluoridation for Tom Lawson McCall. running for Ore. Governor.
Fluoridation won but has never been implemented in Portland. I have also worked for the first
Bishop of San Jose and written articles for Washington Post,Army Times, Mercury News. 1 do
have credible acceptance of what I write.
AB733 signed by Wilson in '95 says cities, over 10,000 must fluoride. The website for
Santa Clara County Water Board says they are exempt...so why are they planning to put
fluoride in water of 15 cities without public discussion? Who gives them the right? What is
your part in this practice of putting a toxic drug in your city water which cannot be controlled
by those who deliver it?
Most shocking in my research is the USDA 8 years ago reported that over 400 baby and
adult foods have fluoride..many in greater amount than water. NO ONE KNOWS THIS whom
I have asked in 6 months. Babies should have almost none up to age l...they
should have none in formula or perhaps even in bathing. Just where will parents get water for
the babies for a year???
1. San Jose ranks #1 in dental health of 100 US cities. It also ranks 28 of 28 cities for
overdosing babies—even without fluoride.
2. 88% of children in San Jose have dental insurance and most see the dentists each year.
The Children's Health conference May 22 says 14% of Head Star only kids have cavities.
3. So for possibly a few thousand kids in E. San Jose...why is Cupertino getting a toxic
waste of fertilizer?
4. Drugs come with lists of side effects. New Hampshire says water bills must warn parents '
babies should not be given fluoridated water.
5. A lawsuit in So. Calif. is suing a water board for the ethical decision of medicating
people without permission. Will you or Water Board be sued for ethics on this issue?
Please study your handouts and challenge this possible action by the Water Board.
Your handouts include
1. Guidelines for Making Ethical Decisions (Europe does not fluoride because it is unethical. Only 5%of
world fluoridates).
2. Risks and Benefits of Water Fluoridation, Dr. Cindy Russell for Santa Clara AMA
3. One copy of The Case Against Fluoride for your Cur ertino representative to the Water Board
Arlene Goetze, MA, writer/researcher on health for 45 years,Advocate Against Toxins for Children, founder/director of
Catholic Women's Network newspaper, instructor/practioner on Eating for Health, EMT(accupunture without needles). and
What Makes Prayer Heal. Published in Washington Post,Army Times, Mercury News. Mother of Tgrandmother of 18.
Guidelines for Ethical Decisions Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
Santa Clara University
What is Ethics? Santa Clara, CA 2009
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that
tell us how human beings ought to act in the many Five Sources of Ethical Standards
situations in which they find themselves-as friends,
parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, 1.The Utilitarian Approach
professionals, and so on. Some ethicists emphasize that the ethical action is the one
that provides the most good or does the least harm,or,to put
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT: it another way,produces the greatest balance of good over
Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide harm. The ethical corporate action,then, is the one that
important information for our ethical choices.Some produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all
people have highly developed habits that make them who are affected-customers, employees, shareholders, the
feel bad when they do something wrong, but many community,and the environment. Ethical warfare balances
people feel good even though they are doing something the good achieved in ending terrorism with the harm done to
wrong.And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfort- all parties through death, injuries, and destruction. The
able to do the right thing if it is hard. utilitarian approach deals with consequences; it tries both to
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, increase the good done and to reduce the harm done.
but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do
advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not 2.The Rights Approach
address all the types of problems we face. Other philosophers and ethicists suggest that the ethical
Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law action is the one that best protects and respects the moral
does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can rights of those affected.This approach starts from the
deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically belief that humans have a dignity based on their human
corrupt,as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law nature per se or on their ability to choose freely what they
can be a function of power alone and designed to serve do with their lives.On the basis of such dignity,they have a
the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult right to be treated as ends and not merely as means to other
time designing or enforcing standards in some important ends.The list of moral rights-including the rights to make
areas,and may be slow to address new problems. one's own choices about what kind of life to lead,to be told
Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. the truth, not to be injured, to a degree of privacy, and so
Some cultures are quite ethical,but others become on-is widely debated; some now argue that non-humans
corrupt-or blind to certain ethical concerns(as the have rights,too.Also, it is often said that rights imply
United States was to slavery before the Civil War). duties-in particular, the duty to respect others'rights.
"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfac-
tory ethical standard. 3.The Fairness or Justice Approach
Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can
provide important data to help us make better ethical Aristotle and other Greek philosophers have contributed the
choices. But science alone does not tell us what we idea that all equals should be treated equally. Today we use
ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for this idea to say that ethical actions treat all human beings
what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for equally-or if unequally,then fairly based on some standard
how humans ought to act. And just because something that is defensible.We pay people more based on their
is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be harder work or the greater amount that they contribute to an
ethical to do it. organization,and say that is fair. But there is a debate over
CEO salaries that are hundreds of times larger than the pay
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard of others; many ask whether the huge disparity is based on
a defensible standard or whether it is the result of an
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the imbalance of power and hence is unfair.
ethical standards we are to follow:
1.On what do we base our ethical standards? 4.The Common Good Approach
2.How do those standards get applied to specific
situations we face? The Greek philosophers have also contributed the notion
that life in community is a good in itself and our actions
should contribute to that life. This approach suggests that
If our ethics are not based on feelings,religion, law,
accepted social practice, or science, what are they based the interlocking relationships of society are the basis of
on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us ethical reasoning and that respect and compassion for all
answer this critical question. They have suggested at others-especially the vulnerable-are requirements of such
least five different sources of ethical standards we reasoning.This approach also calls attention to the common
should use. conditions that are important to the welfare of everyone.
This may be a system of laws,effective police and fire
departments, health care, a public educational system, A Framework for Ethical Decision
or even public recreational areas.
Making--Recognize an Ethical Issue
5.The Virtue Approach Could this decision or situation be damaging to someone
A very ancient approach to ethics is that ethical or to some group?
actions ought to be consistent with certain ideal Does this decision involve a choice between a good and
virtues that provide for the full development of our bad alternative,or perhaps between two"goods"or between
humanity.These virtues are dispositions and habits two"bads"?
that enable us to act according to the highest potential Is this issue about more than what is legal or what is
of our character and on behalf of values like truth and most efficient?If so,how?
beauty. Honesty, courage. compassion, generosity,
tolerance,love,fidelity,integrity,fairness,self-control, Get the Facts
*What are the relevant facts of the case? What facts are
and prudence are all examples of virtues.Virtue ethics
asks of any action, "What kind of person will I become not known?Can I learn more about the situation? Do I
if I do this?" or"Is this action consistent with my know enough to make a decision?
acting at my best?" * What individuals and groups have an important stake
in the outcome?Are some concerns more important? Why?
Putting the Approaches Together * What are the options for acting? Have all the relevant
persons and groups been consulted? Have I identified
Each of the approaches helps us determine what
standards of behavior can be considered ethical. There creative options?
are still problems to be solved,however. Evaluate Alternative Actions
The first problem is that we may not agree on the
Evaluate the options by asking the following questions:
content of some of these specific approaches.We may * Which option will produce the most good and do the
not all agree to the same set of human and civil rights. least harm? (The Utilitarian Approach)
We may not agree on what constitutes the common * Which option best respects the rights of all who have a
good. We may not even agree on what is a good and stake? (The Rights Approach)
what is a harm. * Which option treats people equally or proportionately?
The second problem is that the different approaches (The Justice Approach)
may not all answer the question"What is ethical?"in * Which option best serves the community as a whole,
the same way. Nonetheless,each approach gives us not just some members? (The Common Good Approach)
important information with which to determine what is * Which option leads me to act as the sort of person I
ethical in a particular circumstance.And much more want to be? (The Virtue Approach)
often than not, the different approaches do lead to
similar answers. Make a Decision and Test It
Considering all these approaches,which option best
Making Decisions addresses the situation?
Making good ethical decisions requires a trained If I told someone I respect-or told a television audience-
sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for which option I have chosen, what would they say?
exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weigh-
ing the considerations that should impact our choice Act and Reflect on the Outcome
of a course of action. Having a method for ethical How can my decision be implemented with the greatest
decision making is absolutely essential. When care and attention to the concerns of all stakeholders?
practiced regularly,the method becomes sofamiliar that How did my decision turn out and what have I learned
we work through it automatically without consulting from this specific situation?
the specific steps.
The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we
face.the more we need to rely on discussion and
dialogue with others about the dilemma. Only by This framework for thinking ethically is the product of
careful exploration of the problem,aided by the dialogue and debate at the Markkula Center forApplied
insights and different perspectives of others, can we Ethics at Santa Clara University. Primary contributors
make good ethical choices in such situations. include Manuel Velasquez,Dennis Moberg,Michael J.
We have found the following framework for ethical Meyer,Thomas Shanks,Margaret R.McLean,David
decision making a useful method for exploring ethical DeCosse,Claire Andre,and Kirk O.Hanson.It was last
dilemmas and identifying ethical courses of action. revised in May 2009.
The Absurdities of Water Fluoridation
by Paul Connett,PhD
A graduate of Cambridge University, Connett holds a Ph.D. As stated by Dr.Peter Mansfield,a physician
from Dartmouth College andjoined the faculty at St.Lawrence. from the UK and advisory board member of the recent
NY in 1983. He directs The Fluoride Action Network and is government review of fluoridation(McDonagh et al 2000):
co-author of The Case Against Fluoride. . In addition to
fluoridation, he has spoken in 44 countries and given 1700 "No physician in his right senses would prescribe for
talks on chemical analysis of incineration and solid waste. a person he has never met,whose medical history he
does not know,a substance which is intended to create
bodily change,with the advice:'Take as much as you
Water fluoridation is a peculiarly American phenon like,but you will take it for the rest of your life because
enon. It started at a time when Asbestos lined our pipes, lead some children suffer from tooth decay.'It is a preposter-
was added to gasoline,PCBs filled our transformers and DDT ous notion."
was deemed so"safe and effective"that officials felt no qualms
spraying kids in school classrooms and seated at picnic tables. Fluoridation is UNNECESSARY because:
One by one all these chemicals have been banned, but fluori- •
dation remains untouched. 1)Children can have perfectly good teeth without being
For over 50 years US government officials have con exposed to fluoride.
fidently and enthusiastically claimed that fluoridation is"safe 2)The promoters(CDC, 1999,2001)admit that the benefits
are topical not systemic,so fluoridated toothpaste,which is
and effective". However,they are seldom prepared to defend
the practice in open public debate.Actually,there are so marry universally available,is a more rational approach to
arguments against fluoridation, it is overwhelming. delivering fluoride to the target organ(teeth)while
To simplify things it helps to separate the ethical minimizing exposure to the rest of the body.
from the scientific arguments. 3)The vast majority of western Europe has rejected water
For those for whom ethical concerns are paramount, fluoridation, but has been equally successful as the US, if
the issue of fluoridation is very simple to resolve.It is simplly not more so, in tackling tooth decay.
not ethical; we simply shouldn't be forcing medication on 4) If fluoride was necessary for strong teeth one would
people without their"informed consent". The bad news is expect to find it in breast milk,but the level there is 0.01
that ethical arguments are not very influential in Washington, ppm,which is 100 times LESS than in fluoridated tap water
DC unless politicians are very conscious of millions of people (IOM,1997).
watching them. The good news is that the ethical arguments 5)Children in non fluoridated communities are already'
are buttressed by solid common sense arguments and scien getting the so-called "optimal" doses from other sources
tific studies which convincingly show that fluoridation is nei- (Heller et al, 1997).In fact,many are already being over-
ther"safe and effective"nor necessary.I have summarized the exposed to fluoride.
arguments in several categories:
Fluoridation is INEFFECTIVE because:
Fluoridation is UNETHICAL because: 1)Major dental researchers concede that fluoride's
benefits are topical not systemic(Fejerskov 1981;Carlos
1)It violates the individual's right to informed consent to
1983;CDC 1999,2001;Limeback 1999;Locker 1999;
medication. Featherstone 2000).
2)The municipality cannot control the dose of the patient. 2)Major dental researchers also concede that fluoride is
3)The municipality cannot track each individual's response. ineffective at preventing pit and fissure tooth decay, which
4) It ignores the fact that some people are more vulnerable to is 85%of the tooth decay experienced by children(JADA
fluoride's toxic effects than others.Some people will suffer 1984;Gray 1987;White 1993;Pinkham 1999).
while others may benefit. 3)Several studies indicate that dental decay is coining
5)It violates the Nuremberg code on human experimentation. down just as fast, if not faster, in non fluoridated industrial
— ized countries as fluoridated ones(Diesendorf, 1986:
As stated by the recent recipient of the Nobel Prize for Colquhoun, 1994;World Health Organization,Online).
Medicine(2000),Dr.Arvid Carlsson: 4)The largest UD survey showed only a minute difference
"I am quite convinced that water fluoridation,in a not-too-
in tooth decay between children who had lived all their
distant future,will be consigned to medical history. Water lives in fluoridated compared to non fluoridated communi
fluoridation goes against leading principles of pharmaco- ties.The difference was not clinically significant nor shown
therapy,which is progressing from a stereotyped medics- to be statistically significant(Brunelle&Carlos, 1990).
tion-of the type 1 tablet 3 times a day-to a much more 5)The worst tooth decay in the United States occurs in the
individualized therapy as regards both dosage and selection poor neighborhoods of our largest cities,the vast majority
of drugs.The addition of drugs to the drinking water means of which have been fluoridated for decades.
exactly the opposite of an individualized therapy."
Absurdities page 2
tested)as a fluoridating agent for the public water supply.
6)When fluoridation has been halted in communities in Water fluoridation is artificially cheap because,unknown to
Finland,former East Germany,Cuba and Canada,tooth most people,the fluoridating agent is an unpurified hazardous
decay did not go up but continued to go down waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry.
(Maupome et al,2001;Kunzel and Fischer, 1997,2000;
Kunzel et al,2000 and Seppa et al,2000). 3)If it was deemed appropriate to swallow fluoride(even
though its major benefits are topical not systemic)a safer and
more cost-effective approach would be to provide fluoridated
Fluoridation is UNSAFE because: bottle water in supermarkets free of charge.This approach
1)It accumulates in our bones and makes them more would allow both the quality and the dose to be controlled.
brittle and prone to fracture.The weight of evidence Moreover, it would not force it on people who don't want it.
from animal studies,clinical studies and epidemiological
studies is overwhelming.Lifetime exposure to fluoride will Fluoridation is UNSCIENTIFICALLY PRO-
contribute to higher rates of hip fracture in the elderly.
2)It accumulates in our pineal gland,possibly lowering MOTED.
the production of melatonin a very important regulatory 1)In 1950,the US Public Health Service enthusiastically
hormone(Luke,1997,2001). endorsed fluoridation before one single trial had been
3)It damages the enamel(dental fluorosis)of a high completed.
percentage of children. Between 30 and 50%of children 2)Even though we are getting many more sources of fluoride
have dental tluorosis on at least two teeth in optimally today than we were in 1945,the so called"optimal concentra-
fluoridated communities(Heller et al, 1997 and tion"of 1 ppm has remained unchanged.
McDonagh et al,2000). 3)The US Public health Service has never felt obliged to
4)There are serious,but yet unproven,concerns about a monitor the fluoride levels in our bones even though they
connection between fluoridation and osteosarcoma in have known for years that 50%of the fluoride we swallow
young men(Cohn, 1992),as well as fluoridation and the each day accumulates there.
current epidemics of both arthritis and hypothyroidism. 4)Officials that promote fluoridation never check to see what
5)In animal studies fluoride at 1 ppm in drinking water the levels of dental fluorosis are in the communities before
increases the uptake of aluminum into the brain(Varner they fluoridate,even though they know that this level
et al, 1998). indicates whether children are being overdosed or not.
6)Counties with 3 ppm or more of fluoride in their water 5)No US agency has yet to respond to Luke's finding that
have lower fertility rates(Freni, 1994). fluoride accumulates in the human pineal gland,even though
7)In human studies the fluoridating agentscommonly her finding was published in 1994(abstract), 1997(Ph.D.
used in the US not only increase the uptake of lead into thesis), 1998(paper presented at conference of the Interna-
children's blood(Masters and Coplan, 1999,2000)but are tional Society for Fluoride Research),and 2001 (published in
also associated with an increase in violent behavior. Caries Research).
8)The margin of safety between the so-called therapeu- 6)The CDC's 1999,2001 reports advocating fluoridation
tic benefit of reducing dental decay and many of these were both six years out of date in the research they cited on
end points is either nonexistent or precariously low. health concerns.
Fluoridation is INEQUITABLE,because: Fluoridation is UNDEFENDABLE IN OPEN
I)It will go to all households,and the poor cannot afford PUBLIC DEBATE.
to avoid it,if they want to,because they will not be able to The proponents of water fluoridation refuse to defend this
purchase bottled water or expensive removal equipment. practice in open debate because they know that they would
2)The poor are more likely to suffer poor nutrition lose that debate.A vast majority of the health officials around
which is known to make children more vulnerable to the US and in other countries who promote water fluoridat do
fluoride's toxic effects(Massler&Schour 1952;Marier& so based upon someone else's advice and not based upon a
Rose 1 977;ATSDR 1993;Teotia et al, 1998). first hand familiarity with the scientific literature.This second
3)Very rarely,if ever,do governments offer to pay the hand information produces second rate confidence when they
costs of those who are unfortunate enough to get dental are challenged to defend their position. Their position has
tluorosis severe enough to require expensive treatment. more to do with faith than it does with reason.
Fluoridation is INEFFICIENT and NOT Those who pull the strings of these public health'puppets',do
COST-EFFECTIVE becasue: know the issues,and are cynically playing for time and
I)Only a small fraction of the water fluoridated actually hoping that they can continue to fool people with the recita-
reaches the target. Most ends upused to wash the tion of a long list of"authorities"which support fluoridation
dishes,to flush the toilet or to water our lawns. instead of engaging the key issues.As Brian Martin made
2)It would be totally cost-prohibitive to use pharmaceuti- clear in his book Scientific Knowledge in Controversy:The 2
cal grade sodium fluoride(the substance which has been Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate(1991),the
Absurdities page 3
promotion of fluoridation is based upon the exercise of as the American Dental Association to concede health
political power not on rational analysis.The question risks because of the liabilities waiting in the wings if
to answer,therefore,is: "Why is the US Public Health they were to do so.
Service choosing to exercise its power in this way?"
However,difficult as it may be,it is nonetheless
Motivations-especially those which have operated essential-in order to protect millions of people from
over several generations of decision makers-are unnecessary harm-that the US Government begin to
always difficult to ascertain. However,whether in- move away from its anachronistic,and increasingly
tended or not, fluoridation has served to distract us absurd, status quo on this issue. There are precedents.
from several key issues.It has distracted us from: They were able to do this with hormone replacement
therapy.
a)The failure of one of the richest countries in the
world to provide decent dental care for poor people. But getting any honest action out of the US Government
b)The failure of 80%ofAmerican dentists to treat on this is going to be difficult. Effecting change is like
children on Medicaid. driving a nail through wood- science can sharpen the
c)The failure of the public health community to fight nail but we need the weight of public opinion to drive it
the huge over consumption of sugary foods by our home. Thus,it is going to require a sustained effort to
nation's children,even to the point of turning a blind educate the American people and then recruiting their
eye to the wholesale introduction of soft drink ma- help to put sustained pressure on our political repre-
chines into our schools. Their attitude seems to be if sentatives.
fluoride can stop dental decay why bother controlling At the very least we need a moratorium on fluorida-
sugar intake. tion(which simply means turning off the tap for a few
months)until there has been a full Congressional
d)The failure to adequately address the health and hearing on the key issues with testimony offered by
ecological effects of fluoride pollution from large scientists on both sides. With the issue of education
industry. Despite the damage which fluoride pollution we are in better shape than ever before. Most of the key
has caused, and is still causing, few environmentalists studies are available on the internet and there are
have ever conceived of fluoride as a'pollutant.' videotaped interviews with many of the scientists and
e)The failure of the US EPA to develop a Maximum protagonists whose work has been so important to a
Contaminant Level(MCL)for fluoride in water which modern re-evaluation of this issue.
can be scientifically defended.
With this new information,more and more communi-
t)The fact that more and more organofluorine com- ties are rejecting new fluoridation proposals at the
pounds are being introduced into commerce in the local level.On the national level,there have been some
form of plastics,pharmaceuticals and pesticides. hopeful developments as well,such as the EPA Head-
Despite the fact that some of these compounds pose quarters Union coming out against fluoridation and the
just as much a threat to our health and environment as Sierra Club seeking to have the issue re-examined.
their chlorinated and brominated counterparts(i.e.they However,there is still a huge need for other national
are highly persistent and fat soluble and many accumu- groups to get involved in order to make this the national
late in the food chains and our body fat), those issue it desperately needs to be.
organizations and agencies which have acted to limit
the wide-scale dissemination of these other haloge- I hope that if there are RFW readers who disagree with
nated products, seem to have a blind spot for the me on this,they will rebut these arguments. If they can't
dangers posed by organofluorine compounds. than I hope they will get off the fence and help end one
of the silliest policies ever inflicted on the citizens of the
So while fluoridation is neither effective nor safe,it US. It is time to end this folly of water fluoridation
continues to provide a convenient cover for many of the without further delay. It is not going to be easy.
interests which stand to profit from the public being Fluoridation represents a very powerful "belief system"
misinformed about fluoride, backed up by special interests and by entrenched
governmental power and influence.
Unfortunately,because government officials have put
so much of their credibility on the line defending Paul Connett, PhD, author of The Case Against
fluoridation,it will be very difficult for them to speak Fluoride.
honestly and openly about the issue.As with the case
of mercury amalgams, it is difficult for institutions such All references cited can be found at http://
www.fluoridealert.org/health/biblio.html
EPA has more than enough evidence to shutdown fluoridation right now." Dr. Robert Carton 3
The Science and Ethics of Water Fluoridation
by Howard Cohen,BA,MA,PhD and David Locker,BDS, bone and tooth growth and the mechanical proper-
PhD,Journal of the Canadian Dental Association,2001; ties of these hard tissues," says Limeback.
67(10):578-80. "Standards regarding the optimal level of fluo-
SCIENTISTS FIND FLUORIDATION OUT- ride in the water supply were developed on the
QUESTION ITS MORALITY: basis of epidemiological data collected more
DATED&
Q than 50 years ago. There is a need for new
uidelines for water fluoridation that are based
NEW YORK - Fluoridation may be immoral with g
benefits exaggerated and risks minimized, reports on sound, up-to-date science and sound ethics. In
Howard Cohen Ph.D.,and David Locker, BDS Ph.D., this context,we would argue that sound ethics pre-
professor and director of the Community Dental Health supposes sound science,"they write.
Services Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Univer- "In the absence of comprehensive, high-
sity of Toronto in the November,2001. quality evidence with respect to the benefits
"Ethically,it cannot be argued that past benefits, and risks of water fluoridation, the moral sta-
by themselves, justify continuing the practice of tus of advocacy for this practice is, at best, in-
fluoridation "write Cohen and Locker. determinate, and could perhaps be considered
' immoral." writes authors Locker and Cohen. "In
Fluoridation is a scientific controversy and substan- the absence of a full account of benefits and risks,
tial benefits recorded in early fluoridation trials,50 years communities cannot make a properly informed deci-
ago, are no longer found today, they write. sion whether or not to fluoridate..."
"Although current studies indicate that water Locker and Cohen also recognize that fluorida-
fluoridation continues to be beneficial, recent re- tion doesn't allow individuals to opt out,
views have shown that the quality of the evidence thereby, eliminating their freedom to choose.
provided by these studies is poor," report the au- And,they explain,psychological studies on adoles-
thors. The few sound studies that exist indicate small cents show effects of dental fluorosis are as serious
differences in decay between fluoridated and a concern as overbite and overcrowded teeth.
non fluoridated child populations,they found.
"Cohen and Locker's investigation does not ad-
Studies on Canadian populations show even less dress other risks of fluoridation that researchers re-
evidence that systemic fluoride reduces tooth de- port,but most dentists ignore,including increased lead
cay, they report; further, studies on adults are largely absorption in children,bone fractures,neurological
absent. impairment,thyroid dysfunction and more,"says law-
Fluoridation does have risks. "Fluoridation in- yer Paul Beeber, President,New York State Coali-
creases the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis" tion Opposed to Fluoridation. •
(white spotted, yellow or brown permanently stained http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19343280
teeth),they report. Hardy Limeback, PhD., DDS. Head of Preventive Dentistry
"Currently,the benefits of water fluoridation are University of Toronto. University of Toronto
exaggerated by the use of misleading measures of ef-
fect. hardv.limeback'ii utoronto.ca http://www.fluoridealert.org
fect, such as percent reductions," writes Locker and
Cohen. "The risks are minimized by the characteriza-
tion of dental fluorosis as a`cosmetic' problem." "Fluoridation presents unacceptable
"The impact of dental fluorosis from water fluo- risks to public health, and the govern-
ridation should not be underestimated." says Hardy ment cannot prove its claims of safety. It
Limeback, PhD., DDS, Preventive Dentistry, U. of is clear that fluoride is mutagenic, and
Toronto. "The percentage of the population with
severe enough dental fluorosis requiring costly that it may well cause cancer. EPA has
dental restorations to repair defective tooth struc- attempted to silence scientists who do
ture has been steadily increasing. Dental fluoro- not follow the party line. Fluoridation
sis should never have been classified as a simple `cos- constitutes unlawful medical research.
metic' side effect - it is a biomarker for systemic It is banned in most of Europe;Euro-
fluoride poisoning during early childhood.
pean Union human rights legislation
Research being conducted at the U. of Toronto has makes it illegal."
shown that low daily doses of systemic fluoride from
drinking water and other sources permanently affect Former EPA senior scientist Robert J.Carton,PhD
Water Fluoridation; Revisiting the Risk /Benefits Ratio
A second opinion by Dr.Cindy Russell,2001
Chairperson of the Santa Clara County Medical Assn.Environmental Health Committee(2001)
Dr.Cindy Russell wrote this as an individual for the Environmental Committeee. Her views were not that of
the stated policy of the SCCMA. She is presently a Board Certified plastic surgeon with the Palo Alto
Medical Foundation now in 2012.
N.B. Some figures in this paper need updating for 2012.
* Fluoride is now in 21% of Santa Clara County water(not 16%), and 2/3 of U.S. water(not 49%).
*41% of youth (not 22%)are now estimated to have fluorosis (stains on teeth and bone stress)
*About 5%of the world is fluoridated;half of that is Canada and the U.S.
Summary of the folllowing 6 pages
P. 1: *Fluoride: most controversial issue for dentistry
*Recent studies bring new light
*Environment: 20,000 tons of fluoride dumped in water
*AB733 mandates fluoride in CA waters in 1995
* Prevention of cavities not due to water but other factors
* EPA votes 1997 to reverse Mandate to fluoridate water
P.2: * Mechanism of dental decay due mostly to topical application,not in water
* Saliva with fluoride prove negligible in cavity prevention
* Studies for tooth decay show water fluoride decreases as fluoride in food increases. Pit and fissure
cavities not affected by fluoride. No stud) proves water fluoride helps cavities.
*Fluoride everywhere: baby food,teas,wines,especially beverages
P. 3 *Overdosing: Increasing problem(fluorosis 22% then but now is 41%or more)
*What is Fluoride? It is not a nutrient.
*Types of fluoride used in drinking water: all are toxic industrial pollutants
* How does fluoride work or act? All studies done are on other forms of fluoride and not type put
into drinking water
* Fluoride is absorbed in gut with only half excreted by kidneys. Over lifetime,
it accumulates in high levels in bones with some in the brain.
P. 4 *Acute toxicity: calcium, manganese,magnesium are all affected negatively. 600 deaths found.
* Chronic toxicity:43 million cases in China have occured. Minor neurological cases in U.S.
* Bone Effects,arthritis and hip fractures. Human skeletal fluorosis is well documented.
* Neurologic effects: brain is affected
P. 5 *Effected with lead and alumnum: lead is leached from pipes as water flows through. Lead
levels in kids drop after fluoride is removed from water.
* To Fluoridate or Not?
Despite the fact that fluoridation has enjoyed overwhelming scientific endorsement in the
past, most of the world has rejected fluoride. The reason is that the long term environmental and
health effects of fluoride are insufficiently known (71-73). In my opinion, recent evidence has taken
us beyond that. The bioaccumulative, toxic and synergistic aspects of fluoride are worrisome for
humans and ecosystems.
P. 5-6 *Bibliography of studies
Submitted by Arlene Goetze, MA, writer/researcher on health, March 2012
Advocate Against Toxins for Children; Email: photowrite67 @yahoo.com
Water Fluoridation; Revisiting the
association between the agent and chronic toxicity. It
Risk Benefits Ratio takes even longer to even attempt to reduce or stop the
A second opinion by Dr.Cindy Russell, human and environmental exposure.
Chairperson of the SCCMA Environmental
Health Committee (2001) Why the decision to Fluoridate?
Currently only 160/0 of California water supplies are
fluoridated as compared to about 50%nationwide. In
Water fluoridation has been and continues to be 1994 Pollick et al wrote an unpublished and unpeer
one of the most highly controversial issues in the history reviewed study called Report of the California Oral
of dentistry.Since the 1950's,many communities in the U.S Health Needs Assessment 1993-1994 which supported
and abroad have fluoridated their water in an effort to water fluoridation. The authors, using their study,
reduce tooth decay. Currently about 49%of the U.S. lobbied Legislators for the passage of AB733,the state
population is artificially fluoridated(hydrofluorosilicic acid, mandate calling for 167 cities and water districts to add
sodium silicofluoride and sodium fluoride) and 7% has fluoride to their water. This mandate passed handily.
natural water fluoridation(calcium fluoride). (CDC)Japan Thus,since 1995 California cities one by one have been
and most of Europe have stopped water fluoridation due to going through the process of deciding whether or not to
reports of adverse health effects. fluoridate their water supply.Santa Cruz recently rejected
fluoride,while Mountain View voted for fluoride.
SCCMA's current policy is pro water fluoridation.
Recent studies, however, have shed new light not only on INDEPENDENT REVIEW OFNEEDSASSESSMENT
the mechanism of action of fluorides cariostatic effects The City of Escondido near san Diego was in the
(topical vs systemic)but also on the increasing amounts of process of deciding whether or not to fluoridate their
fluoride we are currently exposed to in food and juices. water and asked for an independent review of the
There are also numerous articles,including epidemiologic California Oral Health Needs Assessment,the document
and basic research, which point to adverse human and that was the basis for the 1995 California mandate to
environmental health effects of long term exposure to what fluoridate water. The analysis was performed by the
are considered"optimal" levels of fluoride in our water. internationally renowned Senes Oak Ridge Inc,Center for
I have reviewed many of these studies on both sides Risk Assessment in Tennessee. The study focused on
of the argument and believe that in light of these new the relationship between prevalence of dental caries and
findings we should not be fluoridating our water but such factors as use of fluoridated water, use of fluoride
instead we should carefully readdress the science,ethics supplements, use of dental sealants, prevalence of
and risk/benefit of water fluoridation specific feeding practices and occurance of Baby Bottle
There is ample evidence that there is an increasing Tooth Decay. They concluded"The results of the study
rate of dental fluorosis (white/brown spots on the teeth) as reported by Pollick et al.(1994)do not support its
due to excess ingested fluoride.(10) In addition a growing primary conclusion,namely that increased fluoridation
body of evidence links increased hip fracture rates with of public water supplies and increased supplementaion
water fluoridation. Some basic research articles suggest of fluoride in nonfluoridated areas are warranted. The
subtle neurologic effects of fluoride in doses 5-10 times that differences in caries incidence with fluoridation status as
of"optimal"exposure. There is also a recent large epide- reported by Pollick et al.(1994)are probably due to other
miologic study indicating fluoride increases aluminum and factors,primarily economic status and presence or
lead levels in our water supplies and blood levels due to a absence of dental sealants."
leaching effect on water pipes.(17)
Who opposes water fluoridation?
Environmental Concerns In 1997 the union of EPA toxicologists,biologists,
Approximately 20,000 tons of fluorides are dumped chemists and other professionals at EPA headquarters in
into the US ecosystem each year from fluoridated water Washington, D.C. voted unanimously to sponsor the
that is flushed down the toilet and used in the garden.The California Safe Drinking Water Initiative to reverse the
same concentration of fluoride used to fluoridate our water California State Legislative Mandate to fluoridate water
(1 ppm)is lethal to salmon. Levels of 0.2ppm has been in cities with populations greater than 10,000.
found to affect upstream migration of endangered salmon The EPA made this recommendation after reviewing
species in the Columbia River,contributing to increased the body of evidnece over the last 1 1 years, including
mortality seen.(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67) animal and human epidemiologic studies indicating a
Given the widespread use of fluoridated water in public causal link between fluoridation and genetic damage,
water supplies,the benefit or risk will affect large numbers neurologic impairment,bone pathology and other
of people. If there is a risk this could pose a significant adverse health effects such as fluorisis.
public health problem. As with lead,mercury,pesticides Dr.Hardy Limeback,President of the Canadian
like DDT,PCB's and many other bioaccumulative toxins we Association of Dental Research, called for an end to
are exposed to daily, it took many years to discover the water fluoridation in a statement made in April,1999.
He stated that experts all over the world were concerned flaws, including not separating topical vs systemic
after reviewing the literature,finding no evidence that benefits.(12)
ingesting fluoride protects the teeth.Health concerns
included accumulation and cytotoxicity of fluoride in Water fluoridation and Salivary Levels
bone. Examining Saliva concentrations with ingestion of
Dr,John Colquhoun,Priciple Dental Officer for the City fluoridated water shows approximate levels of 0.01 ppm
of Aukland,New Zealand was an articulate and successful which would give negligible if any benefit in cavity
proponent of water fluoridation for many years through- prevention.(14)
out New Zealand. After a world study tour and examining Studies of ingestion of fluoride supplements show
carefully complete statistics for New Zealand he found serum and salivary levels peak at 30 minutes and therefter
that there were fewer cavities and more children ages 12- decline to a baseline level of 0.02 ppm after 1 to 2 hours.
13 cavity-free in the non-fluoridated part of New Zealand. (12) Limeback cautions that it is no longer acceptable to
He reexamined the statistics,called collegues all over the use fluoride supplements on large populations due to the
world and reviewed large-scale studies. In 1997 he came to risks of dental fluorosis from excess ingestion(12).
the conclusion that water fluoridation had little or no
effect on cavity prevention but had health conse- DO STUDIES SHOW FLUORIDE REDUCES TOOTH
quences.(68) DECAY)There are well over 113 studies that report a caries
reduction with fluoridation of the water.(I),(2). Current
Mechanism of Dental Decay and Fluoride Benefit studies indicate,however, that the effectiveness of water
Our teeth are composed of a thin layer of dental fluoridation has decreased as the benefits of other forms
enamel(1-2mm)which forms a hard protective layer over of fluoride have been used e.g.fluoridated toothpaste,
the tooth. The enamel consists of 87%by volume a mouthrinses and fluoride treatments to teeth.(3). Fluoride
mineral crystal of calcium and phosphate in a is now found in many foods and beverages as well. See
hydroxyapetite-like structure. 13%of the enamel by below. Newbrun concludes fluoridation reduces cavity
volume is protein,lipids and water which form the formation only 15-35% in adult teeth.(3)
diffusion chanells through which acids and minerals can Others disagree as to the the true benefits of fluorida-
travel in or out of the teeth.(11) The supporting stucture tion at all because most of thecaries seen are of the pit and
of the tooth is dentin composed of by volume 47% fissure type which are not affected by fluoride(24)
mineral,33%protiens,lipids and 21%wter Yiamouyiannis analysis of data from the National Institute
Dental decay occurs when the oral bacteria feed on of Dental Research examining 39,207 U.S.school children
carbohydrates and produce acids such as lactic and acetic released in 1988 showed no difference in tooth decay in the
as by products of metabolism. These acids diffuse in the fluoridated vs non-fluoridated communities.
tooth substance and dissolve calcium and phosphate The Diseased,Missing or Filled Teeth(DMFT) per child
from the subsurface minerals leading to cavity formation. was identical at 2.0.The percentage of decay-free children
This is termed demineralization. As saliva travels over the in the fluoridated,non-fluoridated and partially fluoridated
tooth it can neutralize the acid and allow for rem ineral- areas was 34%,35%and 31%,repectively.(9) Heller
ization of the calcium and phosphorous. used the same data and found similar decay free rates in
The cariostatic mechanism of fluoride has yet to be fluoridated and non-fluoridated groups.(10)
fully understood(and some question its cariostatic effects There is no large scale,controlled, double-blinded
at all). Fluoride reportedly has two topical effects on study that shows any benfit to adding fluoride to the water
cavity prevention.Remineralization is enhanced by according to Dr.Hardy Limeback,President of the Cana-
fluoride in the oral cavity. Fluoroapatite-like material that dian Association of of Dental Research, in an interview
precipitates on the surface of the crystals allegedly makes April,1999.
in the enamel more resistent to attack by acids. In addition
there is a direct antibacterial effect of fluoride by enzyme Fluoride in Our Food:The"Halo"effect of fluoridation
inhibition.(I I) As communities fluoridate their water supply there is
It was always assumed that fluoridated drinking more fluoride everywhere. It is discharged into sewage
water had a systemic effect by incorporation into the treatment plants, streams and is incorported in foods and
dental enamel. Most dental researchers today believe the beverages made in citiies that are fluoridated. Banting
mechanism of fluoride is due to a topical effect.(23) estimates dental fluorosis is 60%attributed to other
Limeback(12)states that teeth that develop in the fluoride sources and 40%from water fluoridation.(4)
presence of fluoride have higher levels of fluoride in the Independent lab analysis of fluroride concentrations of
enamel and dentine. Recent studies by Li(13) showed that available ready to eat products showed that 42% of 43
teeth exposed to years of fluoridated water had elevated fruit juices contained more than 1 ppm of fluoride. Pure
levels of fluoride in the enamel but the fluoride content in fruit juices,especially grapes,contained high levels of
the enamel surfaces,where the process is dynamic, fluoride(up to 6.8 ppm),thought to be due to the fluoride
showed no significant increase in fluoride. Limeback containing pesticides widely used on grapes(5). A limited
reviewed 13 articles commonly sited in support of the pre- list from Stannard(5)is on table 1 and includes an indepen-
eruptive effect of fluoride and found that all had design dent evaluation as well(7).It is noted that children's 2
ingestion of fluoride from fruit juices can be sustantial and a types-fluorosilicic acid,sodium fluorosilicate or sodium
factor in the development of fluorosis.(6) fluoride. Fluorosilic acid and sodium fluorosilicate which
are used in about 50%of our water supplys are consid-
ered toxic industrial pollutants and a by product of
Product Name Company/Location Fluoride concentra- fertilizer,aluminum and 50 other manufacturing
tion(ppmF or mg/L) processes that also discharge large amounts of fluoride
Cranberry Ocean Spray,Middleboro,MA 0.15 into the air that are sold to cities instead of being dis-
Grape Beverage Tropicana, Bradenton,FL 0.47 posed of as high level hazardous waste.
Apple Ocean Spray, Middleboro,MA 0.78 These fluoride compounds also contain small
Coca cola Classic 0.98 amounts of other unwanted byproducts including lead,
Apple-Grape Hi-C,Houston,TX 1.16 arsenic,mercury,cadmium and nickel which are not
Grape Welch's Concord,MA 1.28 analyzed prior to shipment. All studies done on fluoride
Apple 100% Minute Maid,Houston,TX 1.30 have been done with medical grade sodium fluoride.No
White Grape Welch's,Concord, MA 1.95 clinical studies have ever tested silicofluorides for safety
Kellogs Fruit Loops Cereal(solid) 2.1 mg/kilogram or efficacy.
Gerber Graduate Berry Punch 3.0 It is interesting to note that sodium fluoride and sodium
White Grape Gerber,Fremont,MI 6.80 fluosilicate were once widely employed as insecticides
especially on grapes.
Overdosing on Fluoride: Dental Fluorosis Is An Increasing Sodium fluoride has a toxicity rating between 4(very
Problem toxic)and 5(extremely toxic)in Gosselins'"Clinical
Dental fluorosis is a well-documented undesirable tooth Toxicology of Commercial Products".(18)i.e the lethal
affect that results from ingestion of too much fluoride in the dose is between 5-500 mg/kg. Calcium flouride is poorly
preeruptive phase of tooth development. (10) Dental fluorosis absorbed from the gut and has a toxicity rating of 3
is characterized by chaulky white spots or striations on the (moderately toxic)due to its low solubility and ionization.
teeth and in severe forms pitting with brown stains occur. It
is defined as a hypomineralization of enamel and has greater WHAT IS FLUORIDES MECHANISM OFACTION?
surface and subsurface porosity than is found normally. The Fluoride is a"general protoplasmic poison." At least
disorder increases with higher levels of fluoride intake.(15), four major functional derangements are recognized:!)
(16) Optimal levels of water fluoridation(0.7-1.2 ppm)still enzyme inhibition of cellular respiration and glycolosis,
produce fluorosis,albeit mild. 2)hypocalcemia,3)cardiovascular collapse,4)specific
Dental fluorosis has increased substantially in coun- organ damage.(18)(58)
tries where fluoridation is practiced.Fluorosis is found in A study in the J Chem Soc in 1985 describes how
22%of the population in the US overall(1)and in optimally fluoride disrupts hydrogen bonding between
(0.7-1.2 ppm)fluoridated communities only 33%have no biomolecules.The most important weak hydrogen bonds
visible signs of fluorosis.(10). Levy reviews the relatively are between amides in DNA. (20)
high amount of fluoride in mouth rinses,professional and self
applied gels and supplements.(8) Because of this overexpo- Fluoride Metabolism in Man
sure many dentists are concerned about ingestion of Fluorosilicates are rapidly absorbed through the gut
fluoridated toothpastes(aproximately 1 mg per application) (85-95%absorption). Once ingested only 50%of the
and dispensing fluoride supplements. fluoride is excreted by the kidneys.(16)(25)(26). 99%of
the fluoride is incorporated into calcified tissue i.e bone,
What is Natural fluoride? teeth.(16). Fluoride is strongly bound to apatite and
Fluoride is a halogen. Like its family members chlorine, calcium phosphate compounds in bone where it accumu-
iodine and bromine it forms stong bonds with other elements. lates through the years. Thus over a lifetime fluoride can
Fluoride compounds come in many forms. Calcium fluoride. accumulate in bone at high levels.(22)
leached from rocks,can be found in some natural water 1% is stored in soft tissues such as the brain(27)
supplys. It is poorly absorbed from the gut unlike other specifically the pineal gland which is not protected by the
fluoride compounds(sodium fluoride,and hydrofluosilic blood brain barrier(21)
acid) used in our water and as tablets.
Acute Toxicity of Fluoride
Is fluoride a Nutrient? The affinity of fluoride for calcium may lead to
No. Despite billions of years of evolution fluoride like many hypocalcemia manifested by tetany,siezures,CNS
heavy metals(lead,mercury) is not required for a healthy depression and coagulopathy(28)(59). Zinc,manganese
functioning body. It is not a required trace mineral. and magnesium may be rendered unavailable leading to
inhibition of enzyme systems dependent on these.
What fluoride compound is used in our water supply?A Interference by fluoride in the potassium reflux between
protectant or pollutant? red blood cells and serum may lead to lethal ventricular
Fluoride compounds used in our water supply are of three tachycardia.(27) 3
Hyperfluoridation accidents have been reported at least joints, xrays show osteosclerosis of the pelvis and vertebral
three times(29)with levels of 40-50ppm Flouride. Acute column. In phase 2 there is chronic joint pain and stiffness
symptoms can occur after 5mg ingestion and included and increased osteoscerosis in cancellous bones. Phase
abdominal cramping(66%),headache(49%),diarrhea(42%), three is characterized by crippling fluorosis with deformi-
vomiting(13%),itching(10%)(29) ties of the spine and major joints,calcification of the
600 deaths from fluoride poisoning show that 5-10 ligaments of the neck and vertebral column and muscle
grams of sodium fluoride taken at one time in an adult is a wasting.
Certainly Lethal Dose(CDL). In children less than 6 the According to the NCR Report"Crippling skeletal
CDL is 500 mg.(59) fluorosis might occur inpeople who have ingested 10-20 mg
of fluoride daily for 10-20 years"(16) In 1952 Soriano from
Chronic Toxicity of Fluoride Spain reported 28 cases of a criplling bone disorder called
Skeletal and dental fluorosis are established manifesta- periostitis deformans from wine containing high doses of
tions of chronic fluoride toxicity.(30)(3 I) In China,43 fluoride(up to 15ppm). This was presumably from the
million dental fluorosis cases and 2,370,000 skeletal fluoride pesticides used on the grapes. Radiologically there
fluorosis cases may have occured because of exposure to was 1)osteoscerosis with osteoporosis;2)almond-sized
fluoride emissions and drinking contaminated water.(36). periostoses which simulate bone tumors; 3) osteophytes
Several studies focusing on neurologic effects have shown that invade tendons and ligaments. Bone bioassays show
chronic exposure to cause symptoms of fatigue, headache, levels of above 4,000ppm. He stated that the diagnosis
decreased concentration,memory disturbances, motor could go unrecognized or incorrectly diagnosed as cronic
incoordination and depression.(32)(33)(34) polyarthritis or rheumatoid disease.(22)
Bone Effects of Fluoride:Arthritis and Hip Fractures Neurologic Effects of Fluoride
Fluoride's bone effects by most authorities is considered High doses of chronic fluoride exposure are known
to be toxic. Fluorides are retained preferentially in bone clinically to cause neurologic symptoms such as general-
incorporating into the hydroxyapatite and altering the ized malaise,decreased concentration,decreased memory,
structure of the crystals. Fluoride decreases the mechani- depression,headaches.(32)(33)(34).. It is known that
cal competence of the bone.(54). Human skeletal fluorosis fluoride can cross the blood brain barrier especially in
is well documented(36). Preclinical skeletal fluorosis is utero and that it deposits in the pineal gland.(2I)(27)(61)
asymptomatic but shows increased bone mass on xray. There has been very little investigation into the link
It was felt in the 1980's that fluoride's ability to between fluoride and CNS effects at lower exposure.
increase bone density may help women with osteoporosis, Recent research by Phyllis Mullenix, Ph.D.has shown
however,the opposite was discovered. Four clinical trials cognitive and behavioral effects on rats with serum levels
demonstrated that when fluoride was administered in an of 5-10ppm Fluoride.(55) These levels are lower than those
effort to treat osteoporosis and prevent hip fractures that found in some dental fluoride treatments
although bone density improved,the hip fracture rate In 1995 Dr.Mullenix,a neuropsycopharmacologist
increased along with symptoms of joint pain in those and head of the Toxicology Department at Harvard's
women treated with fluoride. The chairman of the FDA Forsyth Dental Center for 12 years,published the first
advisory committee at the time was quoted as saying"The laboratory study demonstrating the neurotoxicity of sodium
FDA should quietly forget about fluoride." fluoride in rats. She was asked to study fluoride and
expected to find nothing. In study after study she found
The National Research Council in 1993 (16)reviewed that brain function was vulnerable to fluoride,the effects on
these 3 U.S.studies(37)(38)(39)and one European study behavior depended on age of exposure and that fluoride
of"osteoporosis "therapy(40)using Sodium fluoride in accumulates in brain tissue. Prenatal exposure caused
doses of 50-80 mg daily,equivalent to 5-10 times the daily hyperactivity while adult rats exposed to fluoride exhibited
fluoride intake of persons living in fluoridated communities. "couch potatoe syndrome." The authors state"Experience
They report that in all three US studies there was an with other developmental neurotoxins prompts expectations
increase in hip fracture rates as well as peripheral that changes in behavioral function will be comparable
fractures.(42)(53) Fluoride was found neither safe nor
effective as a treatment for osteoporosis.(53) across species."
The NRC also reviewed 10 studies comparing fracture Her work has been honored in the Yearbook of Oncology
rates in fluoridated and non fluoridated communities.Three for the predictability and applicability of her basic science
research to clinical medicine working with childhood
studies did not show any increase in fractures.(50)(51)(52) leukemia patients. Dr.Mullinex was dismissed from her
however seven(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49) did find a position as chairman immediately after publishing her work.
significant increase in hip fracture incidence. A susequent lawsuit ended in a settlement with sealed
Chronic ingestion of fluoride may produce mild results.
skeletal fluorosis in our population.This is now being Li in 1995 published a study showing reduced
studied in Canada. The severity of symptoms of skeletal intelligence in children in China with moderate or severe
fluorosis correlate with the level and duration of exposure of fluorosis.(57)Zhao in 1996 compared two villages in China
fluoride. Phase 1 there is sporadic pain and stiffness of and found statistically significant lowering of IQ in children
4
living in the village with high water flouride(7-8 IQ
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post-
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End