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For the uiatrict Lag1aner: !%/-÷c--, --, &14--1 �/G/ ,t,G/vY ,70 ; T L. r�.i 7, C� Capta.{.,q, Medical Corps .. _. - Yoci. t DISTRIBUTION=c. ,i a / t utiizo - proposed re aara CP 2.Y 1 & dr s e _ , sG : • .= :pzajso -aorvaug critta T and 7 pradc:• ( 2 Pz „ ) ” - rt. 1.41,: ;,,.)a .-. t - rr . 7 & Class r ed.-File. 7 62 C`/ �'/ ' tom . _. -- J \4/7-- atk-Atf- w, r- 4/u4rici€ CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS Brain damage in rats from fluoridated water An animal study links low levels of fluo- ride in water to brain damage [Brain Res.. 784, 284 (1998)1. The research was ' a collaboration among a chemist and two psychologists (including lead author Julie A. Varner) at Binghamton University, Binghamton, N.Y., and an EPA ncurotoa icologist.Twenty-seven rats were divided into three groups and for one year were given either distilled water. distilled wa- ter with 2.1 ppm NaF—the same concen- tration of fluoride normally used in fluori- dated drinking water.—or distilled water with 0.5 ppm AJF3.In both-treated groups, the aluminum levels in the brain were el- evated relative to controls. The research- ers speculate that fluoride in water may complex with the aluminum in food and enable it to cross the blood-brain barrier. Both treated groups also suffered neural injury and showed increased deposits of -amyloid protein in the brain, similar to those seen in humans with Alzheimer's disease. "While the small amount of AIF3 . . . required for neurotoxic effects is sur- prising, perhaps even more surprising are the neurotoxic effects of NaF" at 2.1 ppm, the authors write.■ APRIL 27, 1998 C&EN 29 „, The Reporter =4°� � ` for rational s 4. ,, resource management 82 Judson,Canton NY 13617 315-379-9200;fax 315-379-0448; email:wasterot @northnet.org September 1997 I n t r o d u c t i o n: The following article was commissioned by the Christian Science Monitor in the spring of 1997. Despite much favorable comment from editors,and full documentation, the story remains unpublished by the Monitor. To enquire why, the Monitor's phone number is 617-450-2000. By any yardstick, this report was an award-winning scoop for any national paper. The report offers a glimpse into the history of fluoride, a bio-accumulative toxic that Americans ingest every day. The authors,Griffiths and Bryson,spent more than a year on research. With the belief that the information should be withheld no longer, the authors gave their report to Waste Not, and others, with a short note: "use as you wish.” The science of fluoridating public drinking water systems has been, from day one, shoddy at best. As we learn from this report, the basis of that science was rooted in protecting the U.S.Atomic bomb program from litigation. Americans have been convinced that fluoride will save their teeth and we drink more fluoridated water than any other nationality on earth. We learned about the dirty politics involved in the science and selling of fluoridation to a trusting public. We spent three months researching fluoride which resulted in the longest newsletter we've ever produced: Waste Not#373. We learned that fluoride is a poison that accumulates in our bones. It has been associated with cancer in young males;osteoporosis; reduced I.Q.;and hip fractures in the elderly, to name a few. George Orwell would have been dazzled by the promotion of this toxic by dental and 76 'S public health officials and concurrently, the avoidance of this issue by the environmental community. We think it has a lot to al ; do with the sordid 50-year history of the promotion of fluoridation by the U.S.Department of Public Health and the American °� vs Dental Association. Rather than acknowledge the accumulating evidence of fluoride's threat to human health, they have en- . a trenched themselves in a position that has produced tactics that include the harassment of scientists and dentists who speak out. About the authors : cd 4.0 noel Griffiths is a medical writer in New York City,author of a book on radiation hazards and numerous articles for medical and 1...-% popular publications. Joel can be contacted at 212-662-6695. Chris Bryson holds a Masters degree from the Columbia co 3 University Graduate School of.Journalism,and has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation,The Manchester Guardian, ay The Christian Science Monitor and Public Television. Chris can be contacted at 212-665-3442. cy .. FLUORIDE, TEETH _ . .„„ .vi e. AND TIE A BOMB BY JOEL GRIFFITHS AND CHRIS BRYSON • Some fifty years after the United States began adding including declassified papers of the Manhattan fluoride to public water supplies to reduce cavities in Project, the U.S. military group that built the children's teeth, declassified government documents atomic bomb. are shedding new light on the roots of that still- , controversial public health measure, revealing a Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb surprising connection between fluoride and the production, according to the documents. Massive dawning of the nuclear age. quantities of fluoride-- millions of tons-- were essential for the manufacture of bomb-grade Today, two thirds of U.S. public drinking water is uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons fluoridated. Many municipalities still resist the throughout the Cold War. One of the most toxic practice, disbelieving the government's assurances chemicals known, fluoride rapidly emerged as the ' of safety. leading chemical health hazard of the U.S atomic comb program--both for workers and for nearby Since the days of World War II, when this nation communities, the documents reveal. prevailed by building the world's first atomic bomb, U.S. public health leaders have maintained that low Other revelations include: doses of fluoride are safe for people, and good for •- Much of the original proof that fluoride is safe children's teeth. for humans in low doses was generated by A- That safety verdict should now be re-examined in bomb program scientists, who had been secretly ordered to provide "evidence useful in litigation" the light of hundreds of once-secret WWII documents obtained by Griffiths and Bryson -- against defense contractors for fluoride injury to citizens. The first lawsuits against the U.S. A- . , Waste Not 1 '414.. Page 2 bomb program were not over radiation, but over accumulates in bones--"The teeth are windows to fluoride damage, the documents show. what's happening in the bones," explains Paul Connett, Professor of Chemistry at St. Lawrence -- Human studies were'required. Bomb program University (N.Y.). In recent years, pediatric bone researchers played a leading role in the design and specialists have expressed alarm about an increase implementation of the most extensive U.S. study in stress fractures among U.S. young people. of the health effects of fluoridating public drinking. Connett and other scientists are concerned that water--conducted in Newburgh, New York from fluoride --linked to bone damage by studies since 1945 to 1956. Then, in a classified operation the 1930's-- may be a contributing factor. The code-named "Program F," they secretly gathered declassified documents add urgency: much of the and analyzed blood and tissue samples from original proof that low-dose fluoride is safe for Newburgh citizens, with the cooperation of State children's bones came from U.S. bomb program Health Department personnel. scientists, according to this investigation. -- The original secret version--obtained by these ' Now, researchers who have reviewed these reporters--of a 1948 study published by Program declassified documents fear that Cold War national F scientists in the Journal of the American Dental security considerations may have prevented Association shows that evidence of adverse health ,objective scientific evaluation of vital public health effects from fluoride was censored by the U.S. questions concerning fluoride. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) --considered reformation was buried," concludes Dr. Phyllis the most powerful of Cold War agencies-- for Mullenix, former head of toxicology at Forsyth reasons of national security. - Dental Center in Boston, and now a critic of -- The bomb program's fluoride safety studies: fluoridation. Animal studies Mullenix and co- were conducted at the University of Rochester, workers conducted at Forsyth in the early 1990's '? site of one of the most"notorious human radiation indicated that,fluoride was a .powerful central experiments of the Cold War, in which nervous system(CNS)toxin, and might adversely unsuspecting hospital patients were injected with affect human brain functioning,even at low doses. toxic doses of radioactive,plutonium.;The fluoride • (New epidemiological evidence from China adds studies were conducted with the same ethical` support, showing a correlation between low-dose. mind-set, in which. "national security was fluoride. exposure and diminished I.Q. in paramount. . children.) Mullenix's results were published in 1995; in a reputable peer-reviewed scientific' • -The U.S. government's conflict of interest--and journal. its motive to prove fluoride "safe" -- has not until now been made clear to the general public in the During her investigation,Mullenix was astonished furious debate over water fluoridation since the ' to discover there had been virtually no previous 1950's, nor to civilian researchers and health. U.S. studies of fluoride's effects on the human professionals, or journalists. brain. Then,her application for a grant to continue her CNS research was turned down by the U.S. The declassified documents resonate with growing . . National V Institutes of Health=(NIH), where an body of scientific "evidence, and 'a chorus of NIH panel,she says, flatly told her that "fluoride questions, about the health effects of fluoride in .does not have central.nervous system effects." the environment.. Declassified documents of the U S. atomic-bomb Human exposure to fluoride has mushroomed program.•indicate otherwise. An`April 29, 1944 since World War II, due not only to fluoridated Manhattan Project memo `reports: "Clinical water and toothpaste, but to environmental evidence suggests that uranium hexafluoride may pollution by major industries from aluminum to have a rather marked central nervous system pesticides: fluoride is a critical industrial chemical. effect.... It seems most likely that the F_[code for The impact can be seen, literally, in the smiles of ' fluoride] component rather than the T [code for our children. Large numbers of U.S. young uranium] is the causative factor." people--up to 80 percent in some cities--now have dental fluorosis,the first visible sign of excessive The memo--stamped"secret"-- is addressed to the fluoride exposure, according to the U.S.National head of the Manhattan Project's Medical.Section, Research Council. (The signs are whitish flecks or Colonel Stafford Warren. Colonel Warren is asked spots, n ots,particularly. the front teeth, or dark spots to approve a program of animal research on CNS effects: "Since work with these compounds is Or stripes in more severe cases.) essential, it will be necessary to know in advance Less-known to the public is that fluoride also what mental effects may occur after exposure.... Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not # 414 P4 ; r This is important not only to protect a given advisor familiar with Dr. Mullenix's grant requ:= individual, but also to prevent a confused says her proposal was rejected by a scientific pee_-- workman from injuring others by improperly review group. He terms her claim of institutionci performing his duties." bias against fluoride CNS research "farfetched" he adds, "We strive very hard at NIH to make sure On the same day, Colonel Warren approved the politics does not enter the picture." CNS research program. This was in 1944, at the Fluoride and National Security race to build the world's first atomic bomb. For The documentary trail begins at the height of research on fluoride's CNS effects to be approved WW2, in 1944, when a severe pollution incident at such a momentous time, the supporting occurred downwind of the E.I. du Pont du evidence set forth in the proposal forwarded along Nemours Company chemical factory in with the memo must have been persuasive. Deepwater, New Jersey. The factory was then The proposal, however, is missing from the files producing millions of pounds of fluoride for the of the U.S. National Archives. "If you find the Manhattan project, the ultra-secret U.S. military memos, but the document they refer to is missing, program racing to produce the world's first atomic its probably still classified," said Charles Reeves, bomb. chief librarian at the Atlanta branch of the U.S. The farms downwind in Gloucester and Salem National Archives and Records Administration, counties were famous for their high-quality where the memos were found. Similarly, no produce -- their peaches went directly to the results of the Manhattan Project's fluoride CNS Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York. Their research could be found in the files. tomatoes were bought up by Campbell's Soup. After reviewing the memos, Mullenix declared But in the summer of 1943, the farmers began to herself "flabbergasted." She went on, "How report that their crops were blighted, and that could I be told by NIH that fluoride has no central "something is burning up the peach crops around nervous system effects when these documents here." were sitting there all the time?" She reasons that the Manhattan Project did do fluoride CNS studies Poultry died after an all-night thunderstorm, they --"that kind of warning, that fluoride workers reported. Farm workers who ate the produce they might be a danger to the bomb program by had picked sometimes vomited all night and into improperly performing their duties--I can't the next day. "I remember our horses looked sick imagine that would be ignored"-- but that the and were too stiff to work," these reporters were results were buried because they might create a told by Mildred Giordano, who was a teenager at difficult legal and public relations problem for the the time. Some cows were so crippled they could government. not stand up, and grazed by crawling on their The author of the 1944 CNS research proposal bellies. was Dr. Harold C. Hodge, at the time chief of The account was confirmed in taped interviews, fluoride toxicology studies for the University of shortly before he died, with Philip Sadtler of Rochester division of the Manhattan Project. Sadtler Laboratories of Philadelphia, one of the Nearly fifty years later at the Forsyth Dental nation's oldest chemical consulting firms. Sadtler Center in Boston, Dr. Mullenix was introduced to had personally conducted the initial investigation a gently ambling elderly man brought in to serve of the damage. as a consultant on her CNS research--Harold C. Although the farmers did not know it, the attention Hodge. By then Hodge had achieved status of the Manhattan Project and the federal emeritus as a world authority on fluoride safety. government was riveted on the New Jersey "But even though he was supposed to be helping me," says Mullenix, "he never once mentioned the incident, according to once-secret documents CNS work he had done for the Manhattan obtained by these reporters. After the war's end, Project." in a secret Manhattan Project memo dated March 1, 1946, the Project's chief of fluoride toxicology The "black hole" in fluoride CNS research since studies, Harold C. Hodge, worriedly wrote to his the days of the Manhattan Project is unacceptable boss Colonel Stafford L. Warren, Chief of the to Mullenix, who refuses to abandon the issue. Medical Division, about "problems associated "There is so much fluoride exposure now, and we with the question of fluoride contamination of the simply do not know what it is doing," she says. atmosphere in a certain section of New Jersey. "You can't just walk away from this." There seem to be four distinct (though related) Dr. Antonio Noronha, an NIH scientific review problems," continued Hodge; Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not # 414 Page 4 ' "1. A question of injury of the peach crop in 1944. nuclear weapon, and the A-bomb was seen as crucial for U.S leadership of the postwar world. "2. A report of extraordinary fluoride content of The New Jersey fluoride lawsuits were a serious . vegetables grown in this area. roadblock to that strategy. "3. A report of abnormally high fluoride content in "The specter of endless lawsuits haunted the the blood of human individuals residing in this military," writes Lansing Lamont in his acclaimed area. book about the first atomic bomb test, "Day of "4. A report raising the question of serious Trinity." poisoning of horses and cattle in this area." In the case of fluoride, "If the farmers won, it The New Jersey farmers waited until the war was would open the door to further suits, which might over, then sued du Pont and the Manhattan Project impede the bomb program's ability to use for fluoride damage --reportedly the first lawsuits fluoride," said Jacqueline Kittrell, a Tennessee against the U.S. A-bomb program. public interest lawyer specializing in nuclear cases, who examined the declassified fluoride Although seemingly trivial, the lawsuits shook the documents. (Kittrell has represented plaintiffs in government, the secret documents reveal. Under several human radiation experiment cases.) She the personal direction of Manhattan Project chief added, "The reports of human injury were Major General Leslie R.Groves, secret meetings especially threatening, because of the potential for were convened in Washington, with compulsory enormous settlements -- not to mention the PR attendance by scores of scientists and officials problem." from the U.S War Department, the Manhattan. Indeed, du Pont was particularly concerned about Project, the Food and Drug Administration, the Agriculture and Justice Departments, the U.S the "possible psychologic reaction" to the New Army's Chemical Warfare Service and Edgewood Jersey pollution incident, according to a secret Arsenal, the Bureau of Standards, and du Pont 1946 Manhattan Project memo. Facing a threat lawyers. Declassified memos of the meetings from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to embargo the region's produce because of "high reveal a secret mobilization of the full forces of the government to defeat the New Jersey farmers: fluoride content," du Pont dispatched its lawyers to the FDA offices in Washington, where an These agencies "are making scientific agitated meeting ensued. According to a memo investigations to obtain evidence which may be sent next day to General Groves, Du Pont's used to protect the interest of the Government at lawyer argued "that in view of the pending the trial of the suits brought by owners of peach suits...any action by the Food and Drug orchards in ... New Jersey," stated Manhattan Administration... would have a serious effect on Project Lieutenant Colonel Cooper B. Rhodes, in the du Pont Company and would create a bad a memo c.c.'d to General Groves. public relations situation." After the meeting adjourned,Manhattan Project Captain John Davies "27 August 1945 approached the FDA's Food Division chief and "Subject: Investigation of Crop Damage at Lower "impressed upon Dr. White the substantial interest Penns Neck, New Jersey which the Government had in claims which might To: The Commanding General, Army Service arise as a result of action which might be taken by Forces, Pentagon Building, Washington D.C. the Food and Drug Administration." "At the request of the Secretary of War the There was no embargo. Instead, new tests for Department of Agriculture has agreed to cooperate fluoride in the New Jersey area would be in investigating complaints of crop damage conducted -- not by the Department of Agriculture attributed... to fumes from a plant operated in -- but by the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare connection with the Manhattan Project." Service because "work done by the Chemical Signed, L.R. Groves, Major General U.S.A Warfare Service would carry the greatest weight as evidence if... lawsuits are started by the "The Department of Justice is cooperating in the complainants." The memo was signed by General defense of these suits," wrote General Groves in a Groves. Feb. 28, 1946 memo to the Chairman of the U.S. Meanwhile, the public relations problem remained Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy. unresolved -- local citizens were in a panic about Why the national-security emergency over a few fluoride. lawsuits by New Jersey farmers? In 1946 the The farmer's spokesman, Willard B. Kille, was United States had begun full-scale production of personally invited to dine with General Groves-- atomic bombs. No other nation had yet tested a Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not # 414 Par `, then known as "the man who built the atomic bomb-program research on the health effects bomb" -- at his office at the War Department on fluoride. A secret 1945 memo from Manhattan March 26, 1946. Although he had been diagnosed Project Lt. Col. Rhodes to General Groves stated: with fluoride poisoning by his doctor, Kille "Because of complaints that animals and humans departed the luncheon convinced of the have been injured by hydrogen fluoride fumes in government's good faith. The next day he wrote [the New Jersey] area, although there are no to the general, wishing the other farmers could pending suits involving such claims, the have been present, he said, so "they too could University of Rochester is conducting experiments come away with the feeling that their interests in to determine the toxic effect of fluoride." this particular matter were being safeguarded by Much of the proof of fluoride's safety in low men of the very highest type whose integrity they doses rests on the postwar work performed by the could not question." University of Rochester, in anticipation of In a subsequent secret Manhattan project memo, a lawsuits against the bomb program for human broader solution to the public relations problem injury. was suggested by chief fluoride toxicologist Fluoride and the Cold War. Harold C. Hodge. He wrote to the Medical Section chief, Col. Warren: "Would there be any Delegating fluoride safety studies to the University use in making attempts to counteract the local fear of Rochester was not surprising. During WWII of fluoride on the part of residents of Salem and the federal government had become involved, for Gloucester counties through lectures on F the first time, in large-scale funding of scientific toxicology and perhaps the usefulness of F in research at government-owned labs and private tooth health?" Such lectures were indeed given, colleges. Those early spending priorities were not only to New Jersey citizens but to the rest of shaped by the nation's often-secret military needs. the nation throughout the Cold War. The prestigious upstate New York college, in The New Jersey farmers'lawsuits were ultimately particular, had housed a key wartime division of stymied by the government's refusal to reveal the the Manhattan Project, studying the health effects key piece of information that would have settled of the new "special materials," such as uranium, the case --how much fluoride du Pont had vented plutonium, beryllium and fluoride, being used to into the atmosphere during the war. "Disclosure... make the atomic bomb. That work continued after would be injurious to the military security of the the war, with millions of dollars flowing from the United States," wrote Manhattan Project Major Manhattan Project and its successor organization, C.A Taney, Jr. The farmers were pacified with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). (Indeed, token financial settlements, according to the bomb left an indelible imprint on all U.S. interviews with descendants still living in the area. science in the late 1940's and 50's. Up to 90% of "All we knew is that du Pont released some federal funds for university research came from chemical that burned up all the peach trees around either the Defense Department or the AEC in this here," recalls Angelo Giordano, whose father period, according to Noam Chomsky's 1996 book James was one of the original plaintiffs. "The trees "The Cold War and the University.") were no good after that, so we had to give up on The University of Rochester medical school the peaches." Their horses and cows, too, acted became a revolving door for senior bomb program stiff and walked stiff, recalls his sister Mildred. scientists. Postwar faculty included Stafford "Could any of that have been the fluoride ?" she Warren, the top medical officer of the Manhattan asked. (The symptoms she detailed to the authors Project, and Harold Hodge, chief of fluoride are cardinal signs of fluoride toxicity, according to research for the bomb program. veterinary toxicologists.) But this marriage of military secrecy and medical The Giordano family, too, has been plagued by science bore deformed offspring. The University bone and joint problems, Mildred adds. Recalling of Rochester's classified fluoride studies -- code- the settlement received by the Giordanos, Angelo named Program F-- were conducted at its Atomic told these reporters that "my father said he got Energy Project (AEP), a top-secret facility funded about $200." by the AEC and housed in Strong Memorial The farmers were stonewalled in their search for Hospital. It was there that one of the most information, and their complaints have long since notorious human radiation experiments of the Cold been forgotten. But they unknowingly left their War took place, in which unsuspecting hospital imprint on history -- their claims of injury to their patients were injected with toxic doses of f health reverberated through the corridors of power radioactive plutonium. Revelation of this l in Washington, and triggered intensive secret experiment in a Pulitzer prize-winning account by Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not # 414 Page6 Program F's interest in water fluoridation was not ' Eileen Wellsome led to a 1995 U.S. Presidential just 'to counteract the local fear of fluoride on the investigation, and a multimillion-dollar cash part of residents,' as Hodge had earlier written. , settlement for victims. The bomb program needed human studies, as they Program F was not about children's teeth. It grew had needed human studies for plutonium, and directly out of litigation against the bomb program adding fluoride to public water supplies provided and its main purpose was to furnish scientific one opportunity. ammunition which the government and its nuclear The A-Bomb Program and contractors could use to defeat lawsuits for human Water Fluoridation injury. Program F's director was none other than Harold C. Hodge, who had led the Manhattan Bomb-program scientists played a prominent -- if Project investigation of alleged human injury in the unpublicized -- role in the nation's first-planned New Jersey fluoride-pollution incident. water fluoridation experiment, in Newburgh, New Program F's purpose is spelled out in a classified York. The Newburgh Demonstration Project is 1948 report. It reads: "To supply evidence useful considered the most extensive study of the health in the litigation arising from an alleged loss of a effects of fluoridation, supplying much of the that low doses are safe for children's fruit crop several years ago, a number of problems bones, and good for their teeth. have been opened. Since excessive blood fluoride levels were reported in human residents of the Planning began in 1943 with the appointment of a same area, our principal effort has been devoted to special New York State Health Department describing the relationship of blood fluorides to committee to study the advisability of adding toxic effects." fluoride to Newburgh's drinking water. The The litigation referred to, of course, and the claims chairman of the committee was Dr. Hodge, then of human injury were against the bomb program chief of fluoride toxicity studies for the Manhattan and its contractors. Thus, the purpose of Program Project. F was to obtain evidence useful in litigation Subsequent members included Henry L. Barnett, a against the bomb program. The research was captain in the Project's Medical section, and John being conducted by the defendants. W. Fertig, in 1944 with the office of Scientific The potential conflict of interest is clear. Research and Development, the Pentagon group If lower dose ranges were found, which sired the Manhattan Project. Their military hazardous by Program F, it might have affiliations were kept secret: Hodge was described opened the bomb program and its as a pharmacologist, Barnett as a pediatrician. contractors to lawsuits for injury to Placed in charge of the Newburgh project was human health, as well as public outcry. David B. Ast, chief dental officer of the State Health Department. Ast had participated in a key Comments lawyer Kittrell: "This and other secret wartime conference on fluoride held by the documents indicate that the University of Manhattan Project, and later worked with Dr. Rochester's fluoride research grew out of the New Hodge on the Project's investigation of human Jersey lawsuits and was performed in anticipation injury in the New Jersey incident, according to of lawsuits against the bomb program for human once-secret memos. injury. Studies undertaken for litigation purposes by the defendants would not be considered The committee recommended that Newburgh be fluoridated. It also selected the types of medical scientifically acceptable today, " adds Kittrell, studies to be done, and "provided expert "because of their inherent bias to prove the chemical safe." guidance" for the duration of the experiment. The key question to be answered was: "Are there any Unfortunately, much of the proof of fluoride's cumulative effects -- beneficial or otherwise, on safety rests on the work performed by Program F tissues and organs other than the teeth -- of long- Scientists at the University of Rochester. During continued ingestion of such small the postwar period that university emerged as the concentrations...?" According to the declassified leading academic center for establishing the safety documents, this was also key information sought of fluoride, as well as its effectiveness in reducing by the bomb program, which would require long- tooth decay, , according to Dental School continued exposure of workers and communities spokesperson William H. Bowen, MD. The key to fluoride throughout the Cold War. figure in this research, Bowen said, was Harold C. Hodge-- who also became a leading national In May 1945, Newburgh's water was fluoridated, proponent of fluoridating public drinking water. and over the next ten years its residents were studied by the State Health Department. In Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally FWaste Not # 414 tandem, Program F conducted its own secret Manhattan Project's secret wartime conference on studies, focusing on the amounts of fluoride fluoride in January 1944, or going to New Jersey Newburgh citizens retained in their blood and with Dr. Hodge to investigate human injury in the tissues - key information sought by the bomb du Pont case--as secret memos state? He told the program: "Possible toxic effects of fluoride were reporters he had no recollection of these events. in the forefront of consideration," the advisory A spokesperson for the University of Rochester committee stated. Health Department personnel cooperated, shipping blood and placenta samples Medical Center, Bob Loeb, confirmed that blood to the Program F team at the University of and tissue samples from Newburgh had been Rochester. The samples were collected by Dr. tested by the University's Dr. Hodge. On the David B. Overton, the Department's chief of ethics of secretly studying U.S citizens to obtain pediatric studies at Newburgh. information useful in litigation against the A-bomb program, he said, "that's a question we cannot The final report of the Newburgh Demonstration answer." He referred inquiries to the U.S. Project, published in 1956 in the Journal of the Department of Energy (DOE), successor to the American Dental Association, concluded that Atomic Energy Commission. "small concentrations" of fluoride were safe for A spokesperson for the DOE in Washington, U.S.citizens. The biological proof -- "based on Jayne Brady, confirmed that a review of DOE files work performed ... at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project" -- was delivered by Dr. indicated that a "significant reason" for fluoride Hodge. experiments conducted at the University of g Rochester after the war was "impending litigation Today, news that scientists from the atomic bomb between the du Pont company and residents of program secretly shaped and guided the New Jersey areas." However, she added, "DOE Newburgh fluoridation experiment, and studied has found no documents to indicate that fluoride the citizen's blood and tissue samples, is greeted research was done to protect the Manhattan Project with incredulity. or its contractors from lawsuits." "I'm shocked -- beyond words," said present-day On Manhattan Project involvement in Newburgh, Newburgh Mayor Audrey Carey, commenting on the spokesperson stated, "Nothing that we have these reporters' findings. "It reminds me of the suggests that the DOE or predecessor agencies -- Tuskegee experiment that was done on syphilis especially the Manhattan Project -- authorized patients down in Alabama." fluoride experiments to be performed on children in the 1940's." • As a child in the early 1950's, Mayor Carey was taken to the old firehouse on Broadway in When told that the reporters had several Newburgh, which housed the Public Health documents that directly tied the Manhattan Clinic. There, doctors from the Newburgh Project's successor agency at the University of fluoridation project studied her teeth, and a Rochester,the AEP,to the Newburgh experiment, peculiar fusion of two finger bones on her left the DOE spokesperson later conceded her study hand she had been born with. Today, adds Carey. was confined to "the available universe" of her granddaughter has white dental-fluorosis, documents. Two days later spokesperson Jayne marks on her front teeth. Brady faxed a statement for clarification: "My search only involved the documents that we Mayor Carey wants answers from the government collected as part of our human radiation about the secret history of fluoride, and the experiments project -- fluoride was not part of our Newburgh fluoridation experiment. I absolutely research effort. want to pursue it," she said. "It is appalling to do any kind of experimentation and study without "Most significantly," the statement continued, people's knowledge and permission." relevant documents may be in a classified Contacted by these reporters, the director of the collection at the DOE Oak Ridge National Newburgh experiment, David B. Ast, says he was Laboratory known as the Records Holding Task unaware Manhattan Project scientists were Group. "This collection consists entirely of involved. "If I had known, I would have been classified documents removed from other files for certainly investigating why, and what the the purpose of classified document accountability connection was," he said. Did he know that blood many years ago," and was "a rich source of and placenta samples from Newburgh were being documents for the human radiation experiments sent to bomb program researchers at the project," she said. University of Rochester? "I was not aware of it," The crucial question arising from this investigation Ast replied. Did he recall participating in the is: Were adverse health findings from Newburgh Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not # 414 Page 8 and other bomb-program fluoride studies original classified version of a fluoride safety suppressed? All AEC-funded studies had to be study by bomb program scientists. A censored declassified before publication in civilian medical version of this study was later published in the and dental journals. Where are the original August 1948 Journal of the American Dental classified versions? Association. Comparison of the secret with the published version indicates that the U.S. AEC did -- The transcript of one of the major secret scientific conferences of WW2--on "fluoride censor damaging information on fluoride, to the metabolism"--is missing from the files of the U.S. point of tragicomedy. National Archives. Participants in the conference This was a study of the dental and physical health included key figures who promoted the safety of of workers in a factory producing fluoride for the fluoride and water fluoridation to the public after A-bomb program, conducted by a team of dentists the war- Harold Hodge of the Manhattan Project, from the Manhattan Project. David B. Ast of the Newburgh Project, and U.S. Public Health Service dentist H.Trendley Dean, -- The secret version reports that most of the men popularly known as the "father of fluoridation." had no teeth left. The published version reports "If it is missing from the files, it is probably still only that the men had fewer cavities. classified," National Archives librarians told these -- The secret version says the men had to wear reporters. rubber boots because the fluoride fumes -- A 1944 WW2 Manhattan Project classified disintegrated the nails in their shoes. The report on water fluoridation is missing from the published version does not mention this. files of the University of Rochester Atomic Energy -- The secret version says the fluoride may have Project, the U.S. National Archives, and the acted similarly on the men's teeth, contributing to Nuclear Repository at the University of their toothlessness. The published version omits Tennessee, Knoxville. The next four numerically this statement. consecutive documents are also missing, while the remainder of the "MP-1500 series" is present. The published version concludes that "the men "Either those documents are still classified, or were unusually healthy, judged from both a they've been 'disappeared' by the government," medical and dental point of view." says Clifford Honicker, Executive Director of the Asked for comment on the early links of the American Environmental Health Studies Project, Manhattan Project to water fluoridation, Dr in Knoxville, Tennessee, which provided key . Harold Slavkin, Director of the National Institute evidence in the public exposure and prosecution of for Dental Research, the U.S. agency which today U.S. human radiation experiments. funds fluoride research, said, I wasn't aware of -- Seven pages have been cut out of a 1947 any input from the Atomic Energy Commission." Rochester bomb-project notebook entitled "Du Nevertheless, he insisted, fluoride's efficacy and Pont litigation." "Most unusual," commented safety in the prevention of dental cavities over the chief medical school archivist Chris Hoolihan. last fifty years is well-proved. "The motivation of Similarly, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) a scientist is often different from the outcome, " he requests by these authors over a year ago with the reflected. "I do not hold a prejudice about where the knowledge comes from." DOE for hundreds of classified fluoride reports have failed to dislodge any. "We're behind," After comparing the secret and published versions explained Amy Rothrock, FOIA officer for the of the censored study, toxicologist Phyllis Department of Energy at their Oak Ridge Mullenix commented, "This makes me ashamed to operations. be a scientist." Of other Cold War-era fluoride Was information su ressed? These reporters safety studies, she asks, "Were they all done like made what appears to be o the be discovery of the this?" Archival research by Clifford Honicker Waste Not # 414 Published 48 times a year. Annual rates: Groups & Non-Profits $50; Individuals $40; Students & Seniors $35; Consultants & For-Profits $125; Canadian $US45; Overseas $65. Editors: Ellen & Paul Connett, 82 Judson Street, Canton NY 13617. Tel: 315-379-9200. Fax: 315-379-0448. Email: wastenot@northnet.org, Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally I :, e h3 ! ent If ipt S .' resource r GriffithsBrys f is 82 Judson, Canton NY 13617 Tel: 315-379-9200. Fax: 0448. Email: wastenot@northnet.org ` � Documentation for Joel Griffiths & Chris Bryson's article, 01 �B4 "Fluoride, Teeth and the Atomic Bomb" 76 published in Waste Not # 414, October 1997. � . Note: > Due to the large number of pages (155) we have numbered each page on the top right hand corner CO (except for page 1). The following is a description of each page. 5" 1 • Letter to Waste Not from Joel Griffiths, dated October 17, 1997. a z 2. Title page of"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds. With a Section on a) y„ the Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fluorine and Hydrogen Fluoride." Edited by Carl Voegtlin, Ph.D. and Harold C. Hodge, Ph.D. First Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, v) CZ Inc. 1949. Attached note from Joel: The officially published declassified papers of the u Manhattan Project, 1949." A 0 3. .(from above) page 5 (Historical Foreword.) m 0 4. (from above) page 6 (Pharmacology arid Toxicology of Uranium.) 5. (from above) pages 998-999 (Human Exposures to Uranium Compounds.) 6. (from above) pages 1000-1001 (Human Exposures to Uranium Compounds.) 7. (from above) pages 1004-1005 (Human Exposures to Uranium Compounds.) 8. Title page of"Pharmacology of Fluorides. Part l." Sub-Editor, Frank A. Smith. Published by Springer-Verland New York Inc. 1966. Contributors: E.W. Alther, R.E. Banks, F. Brudevold, J.W. Clayton jr., H. Goldw:hite, J.C. Krantz jr., R.L. Metcalf, F.L.M. Pattison, R.A. Peters, F.G. Rudo, J.L. Shupe, F.A. Smith, M.D. Thomas, J.A. Weatherell. 9. (from above) "Chapter 4. Pharmacology of Sodium Fluoride." By Frank S. Caruso, Elliott A. Maynard, Victor DiStefano. "1. Introduction." 10. Newspaper article, "Uranium processing explained,"by John Walblay. SW Times Record, Fort Smith, Arkansas, December 29, 1991. 11. Title page of"Engineering and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control. (Final Report). January 1972." Volume 1. Report No. SN 16893.000. By J.M. Robinson (Program Manager), G.I. Gruber, W.D. Lusk, and M.J. Santy. Prepared under Contract EHSD 71-14 for Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency. Resources Research, Inc., 7600 Colshire Drive, McLean, Virginia 22101. TRW Systems Group, 7600 Colshire Drive, McLean, Virginia 22101. 12. (from above) CONTENTS page v 13. (from above) page 3-319 14. Bomb-program F water pollution. Three extracts pasted on this page. (1) "The Brain Bank of America. An Inquiry into the Politics of Science,"by Philip Boffey. Published by McGraw-Hill. (2) "The Summing of Fluoride Exposures,"by Elise Jerard and J.B. Patrick. Published in Intrn. J. Environmental Studies, 1973, Vol. 4, pp 141-155. (3) National Research Council of Canada NRC Publication No. 12, 226 (1971) "Environmental Fluoride." 15. Title page of December 1985 GAO report "Environment, Safety, & Health. Environment and Workers Could Be Better Protected at Ohio Defense Plants." Report No. GAO/RCED- 86-61." Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Government Processes Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate. 16. (from above) page 26 Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not Documents for Griffiths/Bryson article. Paget 17. (from above) page 27 18. Title page of October 14, 1992 report "Preliminary Estimates of Emissions of Radioactive Materials and Fluorides to the Air from the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 1954- 1984," by Arjun Makhijani, Bernd Franke and Milton Hoenig of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. 19. (from above) page 18 20. (from above) page 19 21. Title page of"In the Court of Appeals Fourth Appellate District, Pike County, Ohio. Case No. 504." Michael Tulloh, Plaintiff-Appellee, -vs.- Goodyear Atomic Corporation, et al Defendants-Appellants. Court of Appeals FILED June 17, 1993. 22. (from above) page 4 23. (from above) page 17 24. (from above) page 25 25. Preface, page VI, by Frank A. Smith, April 1965. From "Pharmacology of F" 26. Title page of Journal of Dental Research,February 1990, Vol 69, Special Issue. 27. (from above) page 546 28. Abstract review that appeared in Medical Abstracts Newsletter,July 1995, page 3: "Fluoride for kids: Too much of a good thing? (J.A.Lalumandier&R.G. Rozier,Pediatric Dentistry 17:19, Jan/Feb 1995. and W.J. Klish et al., Pediatrics 95:777,May 1995.) 29. "Chapter 5. Excretion of fluorides." page 141. By H.C. Hodge, F.A. Smith & J. Gedalia. 30. New York Times article, "Sports Injuries to the Young Are Up Sharply, Doctors Say," by Elisabeth Rosenthal. October 28, 1992. 31. "Effect of a High Fluoride Water Supply on Children's Intelligence," by L.B. Zhao et al. Fluoride, Vol 29, No. 4, pp 190-191. 32. (from above) page 192. 3 3. "Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children," by Z S Li et al, (unidentified journal. -Note from Waste Not: article published in FIuoride, Vol 28, No. 4, 189-192, 1995) 34. Declassified letter. April 29, 1944. "Subject: Request for Animal Experimentation to Determine Central Nervous System Effects," from John. L. Perry, Captain, Medical Corps, P.O. Box 287, Crittenden Station, Rochester, 7, N.Y. to Col. Stafford L. Warren, U.S. Engineer Office, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. (Thru The Area Engineer,Madison Square Area, N.Y.) 35. Declassified letter. April 29, 1944,from Stafford L. Warren. "Subject: Request for Animal Experimentation to Determine Central Nervous System Effects." 36. "Note" from Joel Griffiths. "The following document, signed by Stafford Warren, indicates fluoride CNS studies would not have been approved unless the evidence was persuasive." 37. Declassified document, referred to above. Dated April 17, 1945. "Subject: Purpose and Limitations of the Biological and Health Physics Research Program." Page 1 3 8. (from above) page 2 39. (from above) page 3 40. (from above) page 4 41. (from above) page 5 42. f from above) page 6 4 3. f from above) page 7 Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not Documents for Griffiths/Bryson article. 44. Appendix page 1063 from "Pharmacology PP P g " y Division Personnel (June 1943 - July 1946)." Note from Joel, "Manhattan Project staff- U. of Rochester division -JG --from the 1949 declassified papers of the Manhattan Project." 45. (from above) page 1064 46. Declassified Memorandum dated February 18, 1946 from Leonard Raseussen. 47. Declassified letter dated March 1, 1946 from Andrew H. Dowdy, M.D., Director, Manhattan Department, The University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry,Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, N.Y. to Colonel Stafford L. Warren. -- Page 1. 48. (from above) Page 2 49. Titled "Conference on Fluorine Residues" dated February 12, 1946. [List of attendees.] 50. Newspaper article, "First Atom Bomb Suit-for Ruined Peaches-Filed by Salem County Growers for$400,000," October 18, 1945, published in "Philadelphia Record." 51. Declassified memo dated June 5, 1945, to General Groves. [Re: peaches in N.J.] 52. "Memorandum for the Files," dated May 2, 1946, signed by Cooper R. Rhodes, Lt. Colonel, Infantry. cc: Generals Groves and Nichols. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2 53. (from above) page 2 of 2 54. Letter from the Secretary of War to Claude R. Wichard,Secretary of Agriculture. "Delivered by hand, 6/13/45." [Re: peaches in N.J.] 55. Declassified letter dated August 27, 1945 from L.R. Groves to "The Commanding General, Army Service Forces, Pentagon Building, Washington, D.C." [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2. 56. (from above) page 2 of 2 57. Letter dated February 28, 1946 from L.R. Groves to Senator Brian McMahon, Chairman, Special Committee on Atomic Energy, U.S Senate, Washington, D.C. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2 58. (from above) page 2 of 2 59. Letter dated February 27, 1946, to Col. S.L. Warren, Medical Section, from Harold C. Hodge, Chief Pharmacologist. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 5 60. (from above) page 2 of 5 61. (from above) page 3 of 5 62. (from above) page 4 of 5 63. (from above) page 5 of 5 64. Declassified letter dated May 4, 1996, to Col. S.L. Warren, Medical Section, from Harold C. Hodge, Chief Pharmacologist. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 3 65. (from above) page 2 of 3 66. (from above) page 3 of 3 67. Declassified "Memo to Files," dated August 17, 1945. Signed by Robert S. Stone, M.D. "Titled: Col. Stafford L. Warren's memo entitled "Purposes and Limitations of the Biological and Health-Physics Program." Page 1 of 3 68. (from above) page 2 of 3 69. (from above) page 3 of 3 70. Declassified memo, dated March 5, 1946, to Major General L.R. Groves from Leonard E. Rasmussen. Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not Documents for Griffiths/Bryson article. Page 4 71. Declassified letter dated March 1, 1946, to Col. S. L. Warren, from H.E. Stokinger. p 1 of 3 72. (from above) page 2 of 3 73. (from above) page 3 of 3 74. Titled "FILE Lt. Col. Cooper B. Rhodes" and dated February 13, 1946. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2 75. (from above) page 2 of 2 76. Confidential Office Memorandum, U.S. Government, dated August 15, 1945, to Maj. Gen. Leslie Groves, from Major Clifford A. Taney (sp?), Jr. 77. Declassified "Memorandum from General Groves" dated May 9, 1946, from Cooper Rhodes. 78. Declassified memo to Maj. Gen. Groves from Lt. Colonel Rhodes, dated March 7, 1946. 79. Letter dated March 9, 1946, from L.R. Groves to Mr. Willard B. Kille, Swedesboro, N.J. 80. Letter dated February 1946, from Willard B. Kille(Trucker and Market Gardener) to Maj. General L.R. Groves. 81. Office memorandum,U.S. Government, dated February 25, 1946, to Maj. General L.R. Groves from Lt. Col. Cooper B. Rhodes, "Subject: Alleged Injury from Fluorine - Willard B. Kille, Swedesboro, N.J." 82. Letter dated March 4, 1946, to Willard B. Kille from L.R. Groves. 83. Letter dated March 1946, from Willard B. Kille to Maj. Gen. L.R. Groves, page 1 of 2 84. (from above) page 2 of 2 S5. Letter dated April 1, 1946, to Willard B. Kille from L.R. Groves 86. Letter dated May 1, 1946, to Col. S.L. Warren from Harold C. Hodge, page 1 of 2 87. (from above) page 2 of 2 g g. Letter dated September 1945 from Law, Camden, N.J. to Maj. C.A. Taney, Jr., U.S. En iner Office, P.O. 42, Station F., N.Y., N.Y. page 1 of 2 8 9. (from above) page 2 of 2 90. Letter dated September 24, 1945 from C.A. Taney, Jr.,to Mr. William C. Gotshalk. 91. Memorandum dated September 14, 1945, from the War Department, Bureau of Public Relations, Press Branch. "Confidential --Not for Publication-- Note to Editors." 92. Last page of a letter signed by Cooper B. Rhodes, Lt. Colonel, Infantry. 93. Title page of declassified report "Summary of Research and Service Programs, January 1, 1948 thru December 31, 1948," submitted by Henry A.Blair, Director, The University of Rochester, Atomic Energy Project, P.O. Box 287, Station 3, Rochester 7, New York. Report received February 1, 1949. Contract W-7401-eng-49. Page 1 of 2 94. (from above) page 98. "Program F. Fluoride." 95. Article, "History of the Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study," by Herman E. Hilleboe, M.D., M.P.H., Albany, N.Y. Published in The Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 52, March 1956, pp 291-295. (Page 291) 96. (from above) Page 292 97. (from above) Page 293 Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally Waste Not Documents for Griffiths/Bryson article. Pao:, 98. (from above) Page 295 99. Article, "Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study XIV. Combined clinical and roentgenographic dental findings after ten years of fluoride experience," by David B. Ast (Director, Bureau of Dental Health, N.Y. State Dept. of Health); David J. Smith, D.D.S. (Associate research dentist, Bureau of Dental Health, N.Y. State Dept. of Health); Barnet Wachs, D.D.S. (Senior dentist, Bureau of Dental Health, N.Y. State Dept. of Health); Katherine T. Cantwell (Biostatistician, Division of Medical Services, N.Y. State Dept. of Health). Published in The Journal of American Dental Association. (no date). page 314. 100. (from above) page 324. 101. Title page of"American Men&Women of Science," 1992-93. 18th Edition. Volume 3, G - I. Published by R.R. Bowker, New Providence, N.J. 102. (from above) page 791 (H.C. Hodge) 103. (from above) page 792 (H.C. Hodge, continued) 104. "Roster of Medical Personnel, Manhattan District, 31 December 1944." (Re: Barnett, Henry L.) 105. Handwritten note: "Amer Men of Medicine (1961). Barnett, HL "consultant, MP 1946". JG [Joel Griffiths] - Columbia Library." 106. Bio. sketch of Dr. John William Fertig. 107. Note from Cliff Honicker about missing file. 108. Declassified memorandum dated September 29, 1943. "Subject: Report on Meeting of 31 August 1943 for discussion of Toxicology Program. [Re: Newburgh fluoridation program]. 109. Declassified memorandum dated December 31, 1943. "Subject: Funds for incidental expenses of meeting on "Fluoride Metabolism." 110. Declassified War Department memorandum dated January 15, 1944. "Subject: Conference on Fluoride Metabolism 6 January 1944." Page 1 of 2. 111. (from above) page 2 of 2. 112. Declassified letter dated January 20, 1944, from John L. Ferry, Captain, Corps of Engineers, Assistant, to Dr. John J. Prendergast,Medical Director, Chrysler Corporation, 341 Mass., Detroit, Michigan. 113. Declassified letter dated March 11, 1946, from Harold G. Hodge to Col. S.L. Warren, U.S. Engineer Office, Manhattan, P.O. Box E. Oak Ridge, TN. Part 1 of 2. 114. (from above) Page 2 of 2. 115. Article, "A Plan to Determine the Practicability, Efficacy, and Safety of Fluorinating a Communal Water-Supply, Deficient in Fluorine, to Control Dental Caries," by David B. Ast, D.D.S., M.P.H. Not dated and no citatio::is for publication. Page 40 116. (from above) Page 43 117. (from above) Page 44 118. Title page of declassified report titled, "Quarterly Technical Report, January 1, 1948 to March 31, 1948." Submitted by Henry A. Blair, Director, The Univ. of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, Rochester, N.Y. Contract W-7401-eng-49. Report Received: April 15, 1948. 119. (from above) Page 84. [Program F. Fluoride.] 120. (from above) Page 87. [Newburgh Study.] 121. First page of article, "Fluoride Concentration of Placental Tissue," by D.E. Gardner, F.A. Smith and H.C. Hodge (with D.E. Overton and R. Feltman). From U. of Rochester Atomic Energy Project Report, Program F, 1948. Page 3. Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally r . Waste Not Documents for Griffiths/Bryson article. Page 6 122. Article, "Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study. II. Pediatric Aspects - Preliminary Report," by Edward R. Schlesinger, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.P.H.A., David E. Overton, M.D., M.P.H., and Helen C. Chase. Published June 1950, in the American Journal of Public Health. (pp 725-727.) Page 725 123. (from above) Page 726 124. (from above) Page 727 125. Title page "Quarterly Technical Report," U. of Rochester Atomic Energy Project. ---Note: poor copy , very difficult to read.--- 126. (from above), page 72. 127. Uncited publication. Title, "Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study: final report." Page 290. 128. Article, "Fluoride metabolism: its significance in water fluoridation," by Harold C. Hodge, Ph.D., Rochester,N.Y. Published March 1956 in The Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 52. Page 307. 129. (from above) Page 308 130. (from above) Page 311 131. Title page, "The University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project." 132. (from above) "Summary of Research and Service Programs, January 1, 1948 thru December 31, 1948." Submitted by Henry A. Blair,Director. Contract W-7401-eng-49. Report Received 2/1/49. 133. (from above) Page 69. 134. (from above) Page 72. 135. Comparison of published vs. secret paper, by Dr. Phyllis Mullenix. Page 1 of 2. 136. (from above) Page 2 of 2 137. Declassified report, "A study of Dental Conditions in Workers Exposed to Dilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid in Production. Preliminary Report of Oral Examinations of Forty-Seven Workers at the Cleveland Plant of the Harshaw Chemical Company. Cleveland, Ohio, October 13-14-15-, 1943." Page 1 138. [from above) Page 2 139. (from above) Page 3 140. (from above) Page 4 141. [from above) Table II 142. (from above) Table III 143. (from above) Table IV 144. (from above) Table V 145. (from above) Table VI 146. Article, "Dental Conditions in Workers Chronically Exposed to Dilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid," by Peter P. Dale, D.M.D. and H.B. McCauley, D.D.S., Rochester, N.Y, Published August 1948 in The Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 37, Number 2. (pp 131-140). Page 131. 147. (from above) Page 132 148. (from above) Page 133 149. (from above) Page 134 150. (from above) Page 135 151. (from above) Page 136 152. (from above) Page 137 153. (from above) Page 138 154. (from above) Page 139 155. (from above) Page 140 Printed on 100%recycled paper,naturally ;414614,RMAY } Neon Main Categories •E`rn.3.Il thi_.;ter y •:Sut: :ntl:to the-rp?iko,_'apar •t.gn-up tor To News Nation 06/24/2001-Updated 10:54 PM ET States Washington/Politics , Workers Gwaac.at Poisoned Nuclear contracting World tc5 sites acres the USA Editorial/Opinion COVER PAGE TIMELINE PHOTOS VIDEO DOCUMENTS DISCUSS ABOUT Overview of Key dates in People and Reports Key records, Live chats, Series, Health&Science this series US.nuclear places from the study from message author Census program field secret program board Offbeat More News In the 1940s and '50s,the U.S. government secretly hired scores of private Columnists companies to process huge volumes of nuclear weapons material. But the companies were not prepared for the hazards of handling nuclear material. Lotteries Workers were not informed of the risks.Thousands were exposed to dangerous City Guides levels of radiation. Government reports were classified and buried.The result is a Government Guide legacy of poisoned workers and communities that lingers to this day. The full Talk Today story of the secret nuclear contracting has never been told, until now. M o4 S c h• S pOrtc `°ifs. ac Toxic legacy Y • Secret program left toxic legacy = • Secret iob,secret threats Weather • Defining the danger • Many sites, many risks ;'!ARCHIVES • Laid to waste, SEARCH FOR • 'Devil is in the dose' NEWSSPAPERARTtCLES • Richardson; U.S, committed to cleanup CUGIC I of NEW E-MAIL rf The workers • Worker risks weren't a priority T;y ' • Companies took calculated risks I� 114 YOUR 1148• Click here to pet the • Program filed and forgotten Daily Briefing in your • Beryllium workers to get compensation infin • Research ignores private contractors • Hearings sought on toxic exposure The • Contamination lingers on environment / : • Questions rennin • Contractors took calculated risks _.. - • How clean is clean enough? • Still waiting • Food, equipment contaminated, too • Congress mulls compensation Latest news • Study flags radioactive threat • List: Receivers of depleted urainum • Military study finds fouled weapons safe • Department of Energy:Tainted uranium reports • Archive of complete coverage • Plan expands workers'compensation • Compromise reached on compensation plan • Compensation for workers a political issue • Senator fumes at delays on worker-aid plan • Nuclear sites list made public • Sick workers want Congress to act quickly I ISATCJI1AV rnm nartnarc• I IRA 1NFPKFN1I •Snnric 1MPakh, •Friuratinn •Snara rnm OWCP News Release: [02/01/2012] Contact Name: Mary Brandenberger Egan Reich Phone Number: (202) 693-4651 (202) 693-4960 Email Address: Brandenberger.Maryedol.gov Reich.Egan.20dol.gov Release Number: 12-0172-SAN US Department of Labor notifies former California nuclear weapons employees of energy workers'compensation program WASHINGTON —The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying former workers of,25 covered facilities located in Calif., about benefits that may be available to them under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act administered by the department's Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation. Survivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits. Former employees of the following sites may be eligible for EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits if they worked at the facility during a period of covered employment: Hexcel Products in Berkeley, Ceradyne Inc. in Costa Mesa, Lab for Energy Related Health Research in Davis, Electrofusion and Poltech Precision in Fremont, Sandia Laboratory Salton Sea Base in Imperial County, Lab for Biomedical and Environmental Sciences in Los Angles, Robin Materials in Mountain View, Philco-Ford Corp. in Newport Beach, Stauffer Metals, Inc. and Calif. Research Corp. in Richmond, Hunter Douglas Aluminum Corp. in Riverside, Jerry Carroll Machining in San Carlos, Ceradyne Inc. in Santa Ana, Ron Witherspoon, Inc. in Campbell, Lebow in Goleta, Edm Exotics in Hayward, Hafer Tool in Oakland, Electro Circuits, Inc. in Pasadena, Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing in Pleasanton, Arthur D. Little, Co. and Lab of Radiobiology and Environmental Health in San Francisco, C. L. Hann Industries in San Jose, City Tool and Die MFG in Santa Clara, and Tapemation in Scotts Valley. The department urges all potential eligible former workers and their survivors to contact its California Resource Center in Livermore, California at 866-606-6302 or visit DEEOIC's website at http://www.dol.gov/owcp/energy/ for more information. On July 31, 2001, the Department of Labor began administering Part B of the EEOICPA. Part B covers current and former workers diagnosed with cancer, beryllium disease or silicosis caused by exposure to radiation, beryllium or silica while working directly for the U.S. Department of Energy, that department's contractors or subcontractors, a designated Atomic Weapons Employer or a beryllium vendor. Individuals or their survivors found eligible under Part B may receive a lump sum compensation payment of$150,000 and medical expenses for their covered conditions. Part E, created by an amendment to the EEOICPA on Oct. 28, 2004, and also administered by the Department of Labor, provides federal compensation and medical benefits to DOE contractors and subcontractors who worked at covered facilities during a covered time period and sustained an illness as a result of exposure to toxic substances. In support of the Department's implementation of the EEOICPA, DOE maintains a list of covered facilities under the EEOICPA, which is periodically updated and published in the Federal Register. DOE also maintains a searchable covered facility database, which contains additional information pertaining to each of the facilities, including years of covered activity and an overview of the type of work performed. The database can be accessed online at Jittp://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/fwspjadvocacy/faclist/findfacility.cf1T It is the Labor Department's goal to disseminate information concerning EEOICPA benefits to potentially eligible claimants across the country. To aid in this effort, the department maintains 11 resource centers nationwide to provide in-person and telephone-based assistance to individuals regardless of where they live. To date, the department has delivered more than $313 million in EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits to 3,008 eligible EEOICPA claimants living in Calif., and more than $7.7 billion nationwide. ### .. . ..... ... ... ........... ... SHARE ChttrA OWCP News Release: [12/03/2012] Contact Name:Name: Jesse Lawder Adrian() Llosa Phone Number: (202) 693-4659 (202) 693-4686 Email Address: lawder.jesse(aldoLgov llosa.adriano,t0dol.gov Release Number: 12-2328-BOS US Department of Labor notifies former Ventron Corp. employees of inclusion in new EEOICPA Special Exposure Cohort WASHINGTON —The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying all former employees of the Ventron Corp. in Beverly, Mass., about a new class of employees recently added to the Special Exposure Cohort of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. The EEOICPA provides compensation and medical benefits to workers who became ill as a result of working in the nuclear weapons industry. Survivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits. A worker who is included in a designated SEC class of employees, and who is diagnosed with one of 22 specified cancers, may receive a presumption of causation under the I_EOICPA. On Oct. 12, 2012, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC: all atomic weapons employees who worked for the Ventron Corp. at its facility in Beverly from Nov. 1, 1942, through Dec. 31, 1948, for at least 250 workdays occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with workdays within other classes of employees in the SEC. This designation became effective on Nov. 11, 2012. The Labor Department's role is to adjudicate these claims based on the new SEC class definition as determined and introduced by HHS. For additional information about the new Ventron Corp. SEC or to schedule an appointment for claim-filing assistance, contact the department's New York Resource Center toll-free at 800-941-3943. ### 0 SHARE Wit AtE3 10 OWCP News Relea se: [10/16/2012] Contact Name: Adriano Llosa Phone Number: (202) 693-4686 Email Address: llosa.adriano.t(d dol.gov Release Number: 12-2078-SEA US Department of Labor to host town hall meetings in Pasco, Wash., Oct. 23 to assist nuclear weapons workers WASHINGTON —The U.S. Department of Labor will host two town hall meetings Tuesday, Oct. 23, in Pasco to provide former Hanford Engineer Works employees with information about a new class of employees recently added to the Special Exposure Cohort of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. Staff from the department's Hanford Resource Center will be available the same day to assist individuals with existing claims and filing new claims under the EEOICPA. The EEOICPA provides compensation and medical benefits to employees who became ill as a result of working in the nuclear weapons industry. A worker who is included in a designated SEC class of employees, and who is diagnosed with one of 22 specified cancers, may f Health and Human Services designated the followl ng class of Aug. 23, 2012, the secretary of the U.S. Department of employees as an addition to the SEC: all employees of the U.S. Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors or subcontractors who worked at the Hanford Engineer Works in Richland, Wash., from July 1, 1972, through Dec. 31, 1983, for at least 250 workdays occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with workdays within other classesto adjudicate l �these claEms based on the new became C class finition as Sept. 22, 2012. The Labor Department's roles determined and introduced by HHS. To date, $772.9 million in EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits has been paid to 7,779 Hanford Engineer Works claimants, while more than $8.5 billion has been paid nationwide. For additional information about the upcoming town hall meetings or to schedule an appointment for claim-filing assistance, contact the Hanford is not Resource Center toll-free at 888-654-0014. The meetings Plumbers and Steamfittersi Local Union�598, where they will be required. These meetings are not sponsored by held. TOWN HALL MEETING Tuesday, Oct. 23, 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. PDT DATE/TIMES: EXTENDED RESOURCE Tuesday, Oct. 23, 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. CENTER to 7 p.m. PDT DATE/TIMES: LOCATION: Plumbers and Steamfitters Local 598 Union Hall 1328 N. Road 28 Pasco, Wash. 99301 ###