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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan & Assessment Strategy - Jan 2014 Long -Term Trash Load
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Submitted by:
City of Cupertino
10300 Torre Avenue
Cupertino, CA 95014
CUPERTINO
In compliance with Provisions C.10.c of Order R2-2009-0074
January 21, 2014
Page Intentionally Left Blank
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
CITY OF CUPERTINO
LONG-TERM TRASH LOAD REDUCTION PLAN AND
ASSESSMENT STRATEGY
CERTIFICATION STATEMENT
1 certify, under penalty of law, that this document and all attachments were !I
prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system
designed to ensure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the
information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who
manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering the G
information, the information submitted, is, to the best of my knowledge and belief,
true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for
submitting false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for
knowing violations."
Signature by Duly Authorized Representative:
Timm Borden 1-30-2014
Public Works Director
is
f
f
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION STATEMENT..................................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................IV
LISTOF TABLES..........................................................................................................................................V
LISTFIGURES..............................................................................................................................................V
LISTAPPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................V
APPENDIX A. STAFF REPORT TO CITY COUNCIL ADOPTING LONG-TERM PLAN .............................................V
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................................VI
PREFACE...................................................................................................................................................VII
1.0 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 PURPOSE OF LONG-TERM TRASH REDUCTION PLAN........................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan Framework...............................................................................2
1.2.2 BASMAA Generation Rates Project........................................................................................................3
1.2.3 Pre-MRP Control Measures....................................................................................................................4
1.2.4 Short-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan..................................................................................................4
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF LONG-TERM PLAN .............................................................................................8
2.0 SCOPE OF THE TRASH PROBLEM..............................................................................................9
2.1 PERMITTEE CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................................9
2.2 TRASH SOURCES AND PATHWAYS.................................................................................................11
2.3 TRASH GENERATING AREAS.........................................................................................................13
2.3.1 Generation Categories and Designation of Areas................................................................................13
2.3.2 Summary of Trash Generating Areas and Sources...............................................................................15
3.0 TRASH MANAGEMENT AREAS AND CONTROL MEASURES ................................................19
3.1 MANAGEMENT AREA DELINEATION AND PRIORITIZATION ................................................................19
3.2 CURRENT AND PLANNED TRASH CONTROL MEASURES......................................................................................25
3.2.1 Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures.....................................................................................................25
3.2.2 Trash Management Area#1...............................................................................................................27
3.2.3 Trash Management Area#2................................................................................................................29
3.2.4 Trash Management Area#3................................................................................................................29
3.2.5 Trash Management Area#4................................................................................................................30
3.2.6 Trash Management Area#5................................................................................................................30
3.2.7 Trash Management Area#6................................................................................................................32
3.2.8 Trash Management Area#7................................................................................................................32
3.2.9 Trash Management Area#8................................................................................................................33
3.2.10 Trash Management Area#9................................................................................................................33
3.2.11 Creek and Shoreline Hot Spot Cleanups...............................................................................................33
3.2.12 Summary of Trash Control Measures...................................................................................................37
3.3 CONTROL MEASURE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE.........................................................................40
4.0 PROGRESS ASSESSMENT STRATEGY....................................................................................44
4.1 SCVURPPP PILOT ASSESSMENT STRATEGY ...............................................................................44
4.1.1 Management Questions......................................................................................................................44
4.1.2 Indicators of Progress and Success......................................................................................................44
4.1.3 Pilot Assessment Methods...................................................................................................................45
4.2 BASMAA"TRACKING CALIFORNIA'S TRASH"PROJECT..................................................................48
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
4.2.1 Testing of Trash Monitoring Methods.................................................................................................49
4.2.2 Full Capture Equivalent Studies............................................................................................................49
4.3 ADDITIONAL PROGRESS ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................................49
4.4 LONG-TERM ASSESSMENT STRATEGY...........................................................................................50
4.5 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE........................................................................................................51
5.0 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................53
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA TRASH GENERATION RATES BY LAND USE(GALLONS/ACRE/YEAR). .............4
TABLE 2. PERCENTAGES OF THE CITY OF CUPERTINO'S JURISDICTIONAL AREA WITHIN LAND USE CLASSES
IDENTIFIEDBY ABAG (2005).................................................................................................................10
TABLE 3. TRASH GENERATION CATEGORIES AND ASSOCIATED GENERATION RATES(GALLONS/ACRE/YEAR........14
TABLE 4. DEFINITIONS OF ON-LAND TRASH ASSESSMENT CONDITION CATEGORIES. ..........................................15
TABLE 5. PERCENTAGE OF JURISDICTIONAL AREA WITHIN THE CITY OF CUPERTINO ASSIGNED TO EACH TRASH
GENERATIONCATEGORY. ......................................................................................................................16
TABLE 6. JURISDICTIONAL AREA AND PERCENTAGE OF EACH TRASH MANAGEMENT AREA(TMA)COMPRISED OF
TRASH GENERATION CATEGORIES..........................................................................................................21
TABLE 7. CITY OF CUPERTINO'S TRASH CONTROL MEASURE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE. ...............................41
TABLE 8. TRASH CONDITION CATEGORIES USED IN THE DRAFT ON-LAND VISUAL ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL..........46
TABLE 9. CITY OF CUPERTINO TRASH PROGRESS ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE. ...........................51
LIST FIGURES
FIGURE 1. EIGHT-STEP FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING AND REFINING LONG-TERM TRASH
REDUCTIONPLANS.................................................................................................................................2
FIGURE 2. CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF TRASH GENERATION, INTERCEPTION AND LOAD............................................3
FIGURE 3. TRASH SOURCES CATEGORIES AND TRANSPORT PATHWAYS TO URBAN CREEKS. ..............................12
FIGURE 4. TRASH SOURCES CATEGORIES AND TRANSPORT PATHWAYS TO URBAN CREEKS. ..............................13
FIGURE 5. TRASH GENERATION MAP FOR THE CITY OF CITY OF CUPERTINO....................................................17
FIGURE 6.TRASH MANAGEMENT AREA MAP FOR THE CITY OF CUPERTINO. .....................................................23
FIGURE 7.TRASH FULL CAPTURE DEVICE MAP FOR THE CITY OF CUPERTINO..................................................35
LIST APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. STAFF REPORT TO CITY COUNCIL ADOPTING LONG-TERM PLAN
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
ABBREVIATIONS
BASMAA Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association
BID Business Improvement District
CalRecycle California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery
Caltrans California Department of Transportation
CASQA California Stormwater Quality Association
CDS Continuous Deflection Separator
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CY Cubic Yards
EIR Environmental Impact Report
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPS Expanded Polystyrene
GIS Geographic Information System
MRP Municipal Regional Stormwater NPDES Permit
MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System
NGO Non-Govern mental Organization
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Q Flow
SFRWQCB San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board
SWRCB State Water Resource Control Board
TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
Water Board San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board
WDR Waste Discharge Requirements
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
PREFACE
This Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan and Assessment Strategy (Long-Term Plan) is
submitted in compliance with provision C.10.c of the Municipal Regional Stormwater NPDES
Permit (MRP) for Phase I communities in the San Francisco Bay (Order R2-2009-0074). The
Long-Term Plan was developed using a regionally consistent outline and guidance developed
by the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association (BASMAA) and reviewed by
San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board staff. The Long-Term Plan is
consistent with the Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Framework developed in collaboration
with Water Board staff. Its content is based on the City of Cupertino's current understanding of
trash problems within its jurisdiction and the effectiveness of control measures designed to
reduce trash impacts associated with Municipal Separate Storm Sewer (MS4) discharges. This
Long-Term Plan is intended to be iterative and may be modified in the future based on
information gained through the implementation of trash control measures. The City of Cupertino
therefore reserves the right to revise or amend this Long-Term Plan at its discretion. If
significant revisions or amendments are made by the City, a revised Long-Term Plan will be
submitted to the Water Board through the City's annual reporting process.
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
1 .0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of Long-Term Trash Reduction Plan
The Municipal Regional Stormwater National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Permit for Phase I communities in the San Francisco Bay (Order R2-2009-0074), also known as
the Municipal Regional Permit (MRP), became effective on December 1, 2009. The MRP
applies to 76 large, medium and small municipalities (cities, towns and counties) and flood
control agencies in the San Francisco Bay Region, collectively referred to as Permittees.
Provision C.10.c of the MRP requires Permittees to submit a Long-Term Trash Load Reduction
Plan (Long-Term Plan) by February 1, 2014. Long-Term Plans must describe control measures
that are currently being implemented, including the level of implementation, and additional
control measures that will be implemented and/or increased level of implementation designed'
to attain a 70% trash load reduction by July 1, 2017, and 100% (i.e., "No Visual Impact") by July
1, 2022.
This Long-Term Plan is submitted by the City of Cupertino in compliance with MRP provision
C.10.c. Consistent with provision CA 0 requirements, the goal of the Long-Term Plan is to solve
trash problems in receiving waters by reducing the impacts associated with trash in discharges
from the Cupertino's municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) that are regulated by
NPDES Permit requirements. The Long-Term Plan includes:
1. Descriptions of the current level of implementation of trash control measures, and the
type and extent to which new or enhanced control measures will be implemented to
achieve a target of 100% (i.e. full) trash reduction from MS4s by July 1, 2022, with an
interim milestone of 70% reduction by July 1, 2017(pre-MRP activities conducted by the
City are described in Section 1.2.3).
2. A description of the Trash Assessment Strategy that will be used to assess
progress towards trash reduction targets achieved as a result of control measure
implementation; and,
3. Time schedules for implementing control measures and the assessment strategy.
The Long-Term Plan was developed using a regionally consistent outline and guidance
developed by the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association (BASMAA) and
reviewed by the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) staff.
The Long-Term Plan is consistent with the Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Framework (see
section 1.2.1) developed in collaboration with Water Board staff. Its content is based on the City
of Cupertino's current understanding of trash problems within its jurisdiction and the
effectiveness of control measures designed to reduce trash impacts associated with Municipal
Separate Storm Sewer (MS4) discharges. The Long-Term Plan builds upon trash control
measures implemented by the City prior to the adoption of the MRP and during the
implementation of the Short-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan submitted to the Water Board on
February 1, 2012.
The Long-Term Plan was reviewed and approved for submittal by the City of Cupertino City
Council on January 21, 2014. The Public Works Staff Report is attached as Appendix A.
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
1.2 Background
1.2.1 Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan Framework
A workgroup of MRP Permittee, Bay Area countywide stormwater program staff and Water
Board staff met between October 2012 and March 2013 to better define the process for
developing and implementing Long-Term Plans, methods for assessing progress toward
reduction goals, and tracking and reporting requirements associated with provision C.10.
Through these discussions, an eight-step framework for developing and implementing Long-
Term Plans was created by the workgroup (Figure 1).
1. Identify and map trash generating areas
2.Identify trash sources
(as needed)
3.Delineate and prioritize management 8. Modify area designations&
areas reprioritize areas/problems
4. Identify/select control measures 7.Assess progress via defined methods
5.Define method(s)to assess progress 6. Implement control measures
Figure 1. Eight-step framework for developing, implementing and refining Long-Term Trash Reduction
Plans.
The workgroup agreed that as the first step in the framework, Permittees would identify very
high, high, moderate, and low trash generating areas in their jurisdictional areas. Trash
generation rates developed through the BASMAA Baseline Trash Generation Rates Project(as
discussed below) were used as a starting point for differentiating and delineating land areas with
varying levels of trash generation. Permittees would then use local knowledge and field and/or
desktop assessments to confirm or refine the level of trash generation for specific areas within
their jurisdiction. Each Permittee would then develop a map depicting trash generation
categories within their jurisdiction.
As a next step, Permittees would then delineate and prioritize Trash Management Areas (TMAs)
where specific control measures exist or are planned for implementation. TMAs delineated by
Permittees are intended to serve as reporting units in the future. Reporting at the management
area level provides the level of detail necessary to demonstrate implementation and progress
towards trash reduction targets.
Once control measures are selected and implemented, Permittees will evaluate progress toward
trash reduction targets using outcome-based assessment methods. As the results of the
progress assessments are available, Permittees may choose to reprioritize trash management
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
areas and associated control measures designed to improve trash reduction within their
jurisdictions.
1.2.2 BASMAA Generation Rates Project
Through approval of a BASMAA regional project in 2010, Permittees agreed to work
collaboratively to develop a regionally consistent method to establish trash generation rates
within their jurisdictions. The project, also known as the BASMAA Trash Generation Rates
Project(Generation Rates Project) assisted Permittees in establishing the rates of trash
generation and identifying very high, high, moderate and low trash generating areas.
The term "trash generation" refers to the rate at which trash is produced or generated onto the
surface of the watershed and is potentially available for transport via MS4s to receiving waters.
Generation rates do not explicitly take into account existing control measures that intercept
trash prior to transport. Generation rates are expressed as trash volume/acre/year and were
established via the Generation Rates Project.
In contrast to trash generation, the term "trash loading" refers to the rate at which trash from
MS4s enters receiving waters. Trash loading rates are also expressed as trash
volume/acre/year and are equal to or less than trash generation rates because they account for
the effects of control measures that intercept trash generated in an area before it is discharged
to a receiving water. Trash loading rates are specific to particular areas because they are
dependent upon the effectiveness of control measures implemented within an area. Figure 2
illustrates the difference between trash generation and loading.
Trash Generated m Trash Intercepted Trash Load
Figure 2. Conceptual model of trash generation, interception and load.
Trash generation rates were estimated based on factors that significantly affect trash generation
(i.e., land use and income). The method used to the establish trash generation rates for each
Permittee builds off"lessons learned"from previous trash loading studies conducted in urban
areas (Allison and Chiew 1995; Allison et al. 1998; Armitage et al. 1998; Armitage and
Rooseboom 2000; Lippner et al. 2001; Armitage 2003; Kim et al. 2004; County of Los Angeles
2002, 2004a, 2004b; Armitage 2007). The method is based on a conceptual model developed
as an outgrowth of these studies (BASMAA 2011 b).
Trash generation rates were developed through the quantification and characterization of trash
captured in Water Board-recognized full-capture treatment devices installed in the San
Francisco Bay area. Trash generation rates estimated from this study are listed for each land
use type in Table 1. Methods used to develop trash generation rates are more fully described in
BASMAA (2011 b, 2011 c, and 2012).
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Table 1. San Francisco Bay Area trash generation rates by land use (gallons/acre/year).
Land Use Lowb Bestb High
Commercial & Services 0.7 6.2 17.3
Industrial 2.8 8.4 17.8
Residentiala 0.3- 30.2 0.5-87.1 1.0 -257.0
Retaila 0.7- 109.7 1.8 -150.0 4.6 - 389.1
K-12 Schools 3 6.2 11.5
Urban Parks 0.5 5.0 11.4
a For residential and retail land uses,trash generation rates are provided as a range that takes into account the correlation
between rates and household median income.
b For residential and retail land uses: Low=5%confidence interval; Best=best fit regression line between generation rates and
household median income;and, High=95%confidence interval. For all other land use categories: High=90th percentile; Best=
mean generation rate; and, Low=101h percentile.
1.2.3 Pre-MRP Control Measures
• Storm drain inlet maintenance - Half of the City's MS4 was cleaned annually;
• Street sweeping —All of the City's roads and streets were swept weekly, although the
effectiveness of the contracted service and equipment was only satisfactory;
• Community creek cleanup events —The City held events on National River Cleanup
Day and Coastal River Cleanup Day at Calabazas Creek starting in September 2008.
• IND inspections - The City's inspectors included enforcement for litter violations;
• Public education programs —The City provided environmental activities for schools
upon request (including litter messages); articles on litter prevention were published in
the City's monthly newsletter (Cupertino Scene) and occasionally in the Silicon Valley
community newspaper (Cupertino Courier). A substantial third-grade creek education
program was developed and incorporated into Cupertino school district curriculum prior
to 2002 whereby the City provided buses for each third grade class in the district to visit
McClellan Ranch at Stevens Creek for a field trip and an interactive lesson from the
City's naturalist. Cupertino staff hosted tables at City events, but prior to the MRP the
events did not include a litter survey.
1.2.4 Short-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
In February 2012, the City of Cupertino developed a Short-Term Plan that described the current
level of control measures implementation and identified the type and extent to which new or
enhanced control measures would be implemented to attain a 40% trash load reduction from its
MS4 by July 1, 2014. Since that time, the City of Cupertino has begun to implement its short-
term plan. Control measures implemented to date via the short-term trash reduction plan are:
• Control Measure #1 - Product-related Ordinances
1. The City adopted a reusable bag ordinance, effective October 1, 2013, at all
retail stores, prohibiting the distribution of thin single-use plastic bags. Staff informed
the Sheriff of the City's new ordinance and requested support in enforce;
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
2. The City adopted an internal no-foam food ware policy in November 2010,
banning expanded polystyrene (EPS) food packaging and service ware on City
property.
3. On January 21, 2013 City Council approved the first reading of a citywide EPS
ordinance (effective July 2014) banning the distribution of foam food ware at
restaurants.
• Control Measure #2 -Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
1. Adopted Anti-Litter Ordinance in 2013 which allows Code Enforcement to cite for
littering and require business, restaurant and grocery store managers and owners to
maintain parking lots, sidewalks around the businesses' perimeter, and outdoor
receptacles free from loose litter and overflowing bins;
2. Anti-litter ordinance requires outdoor public waste/ recycling/ organics "trio"
bins to be provided by the developer at all new and re-developed commercial
property (2013);
• Control Measure #3 —Activities to Reduce Trash from Uncovered Loads
In 2010 the City entered into a new 5-year garbage franchise agreement wherein the
hauler is required to ensure that all truck loads are covered to prevent any litter or debris
from coming out of the truck while it is being driven.
• Control Measure #4 - Full-Capture Treatment Devices
1. The City installed fifty-two (52) full trash capture treatment devices in high litter
generation areas in October 2012 while participating in the Bay Area-wide Trash
Capture Demonstration Project (ABAG). The City cleaned the inlets and devices
once or more before the end of 2013. In FY 13-14, the City also inherited two full-
capture devices from the City of Sunnyvale, giving Cupertino a total of 54 full-capture
treatment devices. Sunnyvale had installed the Stormtek full capture treatment
devices in two of the City of Cupertino's drain inlets during a pre-MRP pilot project.
The two inlets are on the Cupertino/Sunnyvale border. Prior to FY 2013-2014, the
City of Sunnyvale maintained the devices. Now the City of Cupertino will maintain
and assess the effectiveness of the devices. Both inlets were also fitted with curb
inlet screens pre-MRP.
2. Full-capture treatment devices on new and re-developed private property - The
City's stormwater ordinance (CIVIC 9.18), adopted in 2011, requires new and re-
developing (C.3 regulated) commercial projects to install and maintain full trash
capture devices in all storm drain inlets on private property;
• Control Measure #5 - Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
The City installed sixty-five (65) retractable curb screens in high and medium litter
generation areas in October 2012, while participating in the Bay Area-wide Trash
Capture Demonstration Project (ABAG). The City also inherited two curb inlet screens
on the drain inlets where the City of Sunnyvale had installed the two (2) full-capture
devices. Cupertino now has a total of 67 partial capture devices. Sunnyvale had installed
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
them on Cupertino inlets during a 2008 (pre-MRP) full-capture pilot study. The two inlets
are at the Sunnyvale border;
• Control Measure #6 - Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
Increased drain inlet cleaning frequency from biennial to annual. In November 2013 the
City entered into a multi-jurisdictional equipment sharing agreement (with the Town of
Los Gatos and the City of Campbell). The vacuum truck owned by the Town, enables
Cupertino's public works staff to clean out underground stormwater structures
throughout the city in approximately three months. Additional drain inlet and new full
trash capture device cleaning would not have been feasible without this equipment
sharing agreement;
• Control Measure #7 - Street Sweeping
The City Increased street sweeping frequency to weekly in 2013 in all commercial/retail
(high and medium litter generating) areas to ensure effectiveness of the City's
retractable curb screen installations (October 2012);
1. Switched to regenerative air street sweeping equipment; In July 2011 the City
entered into a new five year agreement for contract street sweeping. Performance of
the agreement is the responsibility of the Street Supervisor. Agreement provisions
are prescriptive; performance based and provides monetary damages for poor
performance. Provisions include:
o PM-10 certified sweeping equipment that is in conformance with all State,
Federal and Bay Area Air Quality Management requirements.
o Sweeping equipment must be maintained in excellent operating condition and
may not be more than seven years of age for duration of agreement.
o Sweeping equipment must be equipped with automatic vehicle location device
(GPS) and management device that reports all street sweeping activity to the
City in real time.
o Contractor must submit weekly sweeping log for each area swept detailing
starting/ending odometer and cubic yards collected.
o Contractor is required to coordinate with City of Cupertino Code Enforcement
regarding the illegal parking of vehicles on posted streets.
o Median island curbing is included with curb miles swept.
• Control Measure #8 -Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
1. City Council voted to provide dual service for safe disposal of household and
apartment hazardous waste (HHW). Through its garbage hauler, the City
implemented a weekly (by appointment) door-to-door collection program in 2011. In
2013 Council voted to continue paying for residential participation in the countywide
hazardous waste drop-off program. The dual HHW program is provided to steer
people away from illegal dumping and toward safe and convenient options for
disposal.
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
2. Through the Countywide program and the City's membership in the California
Product Stewardship Council (CPSC) the City supports legislation that requires
manufacturers to take back difficult-to-dispose-of products at the end of the product's
life, such as paint, carpet, mattresses, appliances, televisions and pharmaceuticals.
These extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws are expected to reduce the
number of illegal dumping incidents;
• Control Measure #9 - Improved Trash Bins/Container Management
1. The City's environmental, planning and public works engineering staff collaboratively
review commercial/retail development plans and place conditions on trash and
dumpster areas to address past (or recent) stormwater and trash area violations.
Examples of conditions of approval include, but are not limited to, trash enclosure
areas are required to have a roof and sufficient capacity to house separate garbage,
recycling and food waste (organics) containers with room for grease/tallow bins in
secondary containment. Right-sized bin service is required to prevent bin overflow
and businesses are required to provide and maintain installed outdoor public
recycling-organics-trash receptacles to encourage public participation in anti-litter
activities (a.k.a. the Cleaner Cupertino campaign). (See Public Education and
Outreach Programs, Cleaner Cupertino Campaign description under Jurisdiction-
wide Control Measures 3.2.10.)
2. Included litter reduction measures in City's garbage hauling agreement (Nov 2010),
requiring all garbage/recycling customers (commercial and residential) to subscribe
to right-sized service to prevent over-filling and over-flowing bins. The requirement of
property owners to keep bin lids closed is restated in the City's Anti-litter ordinance
(CIVIC 9.18.215 — Litter Prevention and Enforcement)
• Control Measure #10 - Public Education and events:
1. The City has held an opening night cinema event at Cupertino's AMC theatre to
promote BASMAA's regional anti-litter campaign (Be the Street) for teens and young
adults. In 2012, a regional campaign manager and city staff attended a Cupertino
Teen Commission meeting to introduce Be the Street's social media strategy and
anti-littering video contest.
2. Since 2011, Cupertino staff have hosted a table at the City's annual Earth Day,
National River Cleanup Day, Fall Festival, Coastal Cleanup Day and World Water
Monitoring Day events wherein students, parents and visitors complete litter quizzes
to earn a reusable "Chico" shopping bag. City staff are currently launching a citywide
"Bag Art" contest in collaboration with Cupertino school districts (K-12) and the City's
Chamber of Commerce. Winning environ mental ly-themed (e.g. water pollution
prevention, waste prevention and litter prevention) artwork will be re-produced on
reusable shopping bags for sale to Cupertino retailers and donated to participating
schools for fundraisers.
3. City Council held a Litter Reduction Plan Study Session in August 2012 which was
televised on the City Channel. Prior to the City Council's consideration of the bag
ordinance, city staff held two workshops (one for businesses and one for residents)
on the City's litter reduction strategy and the proposed bag ordinance. Following
adoption of the bag ordinance city staff partnered with the Chamber to give
presentations and answer questions at three more workshops to assist businesses
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
with compliance and help managers and property owners understand the City's litter
reduction requirements and plans to implement control measures that will affect
businesses.
• Control Measure #11 - Reduced litter and waste discharges from local grocery
stores:
In 2011 the City joined EPA's Food Recovery Challenge to recognize stores for
separating food waste for composting and motivate them to maintain clean, litter-free,
outdoor disposal areas. In collaboration with its garbage hauler and EPA, the City of
Cupertino held a food waste recovery workshop for managers of grocery stores and
produce markets. City staff and its assisting partners subsequently visited the stores to
promote composting, as well as right-sized bins and correct frequency of garbage
service to prevent outdoor stock-piling and loose litter dispersion. Cupertino was singled
out to receive EPA's national Innovation Award in December 2013 for engaging its
hauler and local store managers and owners in addressing the challenge.
Control measures described in this Long-Term Plan build upon actions taken to-date per
Cupertino's Short-Term Plan. A full description of control measures implemented via
short and long-term plans is included in section 3.2. Outcomes associated with short-
term plan implementation will be reported in the City of Cupertino's Fiscal Year 2013-14
Annual Report, scheduled for submittal to the Water Board by September 15, 2014.
1 .3 Organization of Long-Term Plan
This Long-Term Plan is organized into the following sections:
1.0 Introduction;
2.0 Scope of the Trash Problem;
3.0 Trash Management Areas and Control Measures;
4.0 Progress Assessment Strategies; and
5.0 References
Section 2.0 is intended to provide a description of the extent and magnitude of the trash
problem in the City of Cupertino. Control measures that will be implemented by the City of
Cupertino as a result of this Long-Term Plan are described in section 3.0. Section 4.0 describes
the methods that will be used to assess progress toward trash reduction targets.
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
2.0 SCOPE OF THE TRASH PROBLEM
2.1 Permittee Characteristics
Incorporated in 1955, the City of Cupertino, located in Santa Clara County, has a jurisdictional
area of 7,239 acres. According to the 2010 Census, it has a population of 58,565, with a
population density of 5,201 people per square mile and an average household occupancy of
2.84. Of the 58,565 residents who call Cupertino home, 22.1% are under the age of 18, 11.3%
are between 18 and 24, 26.8% are between 25 and 44, 27.4% are between 45 and 64, and
12.4% are 65 or older.
The median household income was $120,201 (2012) and the median price of a home in
Cupertino is $1.3 million (2013). In large part, home buyers are attracted to the City by its
reputation for the excellent quality of education offered by its school districts. Forbes ranked it in
the top 20 of the nation's most educated small towns (2009). The City of Cupertino is home to
De Anza Community College and more than 170 culturally diverse restaurants. Cupertino's
ethnic breakdown (per the 2010 Census) is: 63% Asian, 29% (non-Hispanic)White, 3.6%
Hispanic, 3% Mixed, 0.6% Black and 0.5% other.
The City of Cupertino is best known as the home of Apple Inc.'s corporate headquarters and the
site of the new 176-acre Apple Campus 2 (currently under construction). Apple currently has
15,000 employees based in Cupertino and expects to add 7,400 employees with completion of
its Apple Campus 2 by 2016. Other companies headquartered in Cupertino include Amazon
Lab126, and Seagate Technology. Over 60 high-tech companies have offices there, including
IBM, Infogain, Red Oak Technologies and Systems Integration Solutions (SIS). Though
Cupertino is home to the headquarters of many high-tech companies, very little manufacturing
actually takes place in the city. The city's large office parks are primarily dedicated to
management and design functions.
Two state highways traverse Cupertino. The City is linked to the cities of San Francisco and
San Jose by Interstate Freeway 280 which runs along most of the its northern border. State
Route 85, which runs from Mountain View to South San Jose, cuts diagonally across the City at
its northwest boundary to its southeast boundary. All state highways (and freeways) are owned
and maintained by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).
The City of Cupertino has three main arterials that include Stevens Creek Boulevard (SCB), De
Anza Boulevard (DAB), and Foothill Boulevard (FHB). SCB runs east and west through the
middle of the City on its east end and separates the northern third of the City from its southern
two-thirds at its west end. DAB runs north and south through the middle of the City. Foothill
Boulevard (1.3 miles) is in west Cupertino, becoming Stevens Canyon Road to the south and
Foothill Expressway to the north. While the City has control of and has prioritized the SCB and
DAB arterials for trash management control measures, its ability to manage litter dispersed from
the State Highway system's access ramps on both of these arterials (i.e. access to Freeways 85
and 280) is strictly limited by Caltrans. The City has planned management control measures for
its high and medium trash generating areas along the City's two significant collector streets,
Homestead Road which runs east and west on the northerly limit of the City, and Bollinger Road
which runs east and west on the southerly limit of the City. Portions of Homestead Road are
shared with the City of Sunnyvale and the City of Los Altos, and Bollinger Road is shared with
the City of San Jose.
9
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Information collected during the City's recent annual storm drain inlet maintenance and full-
capture device cleaning, suggests that most of the trash in Cupertino creeks is from sources
other than the City's MS4. While the information gathered is not complete because it does not
include the effects of significant storm events which usually mobilize trash into inlets, it has been
documented. As additional information is collected through the assessment process described
in Section 4.0, these initial conclusions will be refined or verified. Of the City's 54 inlets that
have been treated with full-capture devices (in the highest trash-generating retail areas), 51 of
the inlets have also been fitted with retractable curb inlet screens. The curb screens keep litter
at the street level where it can be removed with street sweeping. Along the 139 centerline miles
of City streets and in the 19 City parks and open spaces, the City of Cupertino appears to be
relatively litter-free. On the first day of maintenance (December 2013), in which a City
maintenance crew cleaned 9 of the full-capture devices, they found primarily leaves and dirt.
Several devices did not contain trash and those that did yielded three pieces at most. It
suggests that where there are retractable screens, with weekly sweeping, parking prohibition,
and landscaped park strips that help detain pedestrian and vehicular litter, trash is captured and
removed before it reaches the MS4. In addition to sweeping, the City maintains its park strips
regularly, removing the detained trash before it enters a drain inlet.
Land uses within the City of Cupertino depicted in ABAG (2005) are provided in Table 2. The
City of Cupertino is primarily comprised of five (5) land uses. These include residential,
commercial services (primarily restaurants with very few "drive-thru" establishments), retail,
urban parks and schools (K-12). A State community college (De Anza) is also located within the
City's boundary on the City's main arterial Stevens Creek Blvd.
Table 2. Percentages of the City of Cupertino's jurisdictional area' within land use
classes identified by ABAG (2005)
Jurisdictional % of
Land Use Category Area Jurisdictional
(Acres) Area
Commercial and Services 483.2 7.0%
Industrial 278.1 4.0%
Residential 3,938.2 57.2%
Retail 303.6 4.4%
K-12 Schools 243.7 3.6%
Urban Parks 101.9 1.5%
Other 1,531.8 22.3%
' A Permittee's jurisdictional area is defined as the urban land area within a Permittee's boundary that is not subject to stormwater NPDES
Permit requirements for traditional and non-traditional small MS4s(i.e.Phase II MS4s)or the California Department of Transportation,or
owned and maintained by the State of California,the U.S.federal government or other municipal agency or special district(e.g.,flood control
district).
2 "Other"includes open space and vacant land
10
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
2.2 Trash Sources and Pathways
The City of Cupertino has begun to address pathways of trash that City field and maintenance
staff suggest are the most predominant sources of trash in the City. These pathways and the
management activities discussed below pertain, for the most part, to sources other than the
City's MS4 (e.g. vehicular litter from highway access ramps, a creek hot spot site where there is
graffiti and evidence of social gatherings).
The Trash in San Francisco Bay Area creeks and shorelines originates from a variety of sources
and is transported to receiving waters by a number of pathways (Figure 3). Of the four source
categories, pedestrian litter includes trash sources from high traffic areas near businesses and
schools, transitional areas where food/drinks are not permitted (e.g. bus stops), and from public
or private special events with high volumes of people. The City of Cupertino has a janitorial
contract that provides twice weekly service for trash receptacles at forty four (44) bus stops.
Service includes emptying of the trash receptacles, and pickup of any trash in the immediate
area. Any illegal dumping that may occasionally occur near bus stops is cleaned up immediately
by City crews as soon as the incident is observed or reported.
Trash from vehicles occurs due to littering from automobiles and uncovered loads. The City has
35 mph speed limits on vehicles in most of the arterial streets. Less litter blows out of uncovered
truck beds when the truck is traveling and slower speeds. Part of a main arterial (Foothill
Expressway), which is a busy truck route, is maintained by the City where it cuts through the
westerly end of Cupertino. The City sweeps this arterial three times per week.
Inadequate waste container management includes sources such as overflowing or uncovered
containers and dumpsters as well as the dispersion of household and business-related trash
and recycling materials before, during, and after collection. The City is addressing this through
jurisdiction-wide measures, including its IND inspection program and enforcement of its new
anti-litter ordinance.
On-land illegal dumping of trash is the final source category. The City of Cupertino investigates
and follows up on each illegal dumping incident
Trash is transported to receiving waters through three main pathways: 1) Stormwater
Conveyances; 2)Wind; and, 3) Direct Dumping. Stormwater or urban runoff conveyance
systems (e.g., MS4s) consist of curbs/gutters, and pipes and channels that discharge to urban
creeks and the San Francisco Bay shorelines. Wind can also blow trash directly into creeks or
the Bay. Lastly, trash in receiving waters can also originate from direct dumping into urban
creeks and shorelines.
This Long-term Plan and associated trash control measures described in Section 3.0 are
focused on reducing trash from one of the transport pathways illustrated in Figure 3—
stormwater conveyances. Specifically, the Long-term Plan is focused on reducing the impacts
of discharges from MS4s to San Francisco Area receiving waters and the protection of
associated beneficial uses.
11
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Source Pecles�7 F 71 ,de
• -I:d 7Lier from
quate
Management
CategoriesLitter I L Waste Container Dumping Vehicle
Transport Stormwater Wind Direct Dumping
Pathways Conveyances
Receiving CreeksUrban
Waters Francisco
Bay Estuary
Figure 3. Trash sources categories and transport pathways to urban creeks.
City staff have identified the following trash problem areas worth investigating to determine the
management actions and resources needed to eradicate litter in the City's creeks.
1. The City has started to address direct deposit (illegal dumping) of trash at a creek
hot spot. In January 2013, after the first winter rainstorms, City staff conducted a creek
assessment and on-land cleanup at the City's trash hot spot at Stevens Creek near the
Heney Creek confluence. On the first afternoon of the effort, staff found the banks of the
creek littered with polystyrene foam pieces and empty spray paint cans (buoyant trash)
and other non-prevalent types of trash. The amount of litter discovered was more than
two staff could clean up in two hours. A cleanup event was scheduled for a few days
later with about four Los Altos staff and six Cupertino staff (10 staff total). Los Altos and
Cupertino have adjacent hot spots at this site. About ten 13-gallon bags of trash were
collected, sorted and photographed. City staff came back to the site a third time to
further investigate the source of the debris. Food and beverage packaging and spray
paint cans were located upstream near a graffiti site adjacent to the tunnel under
Freeway 280 at Stevens Creek. The tunnel may also be the site of a homeless
encampment.
This hot spot is on Santa Clara Valley Water District's (SCVWD) property and is gated
and locked. The cities of Cupertino and Los Altos have a five-year permit from the
SCVWD to access the creek and conduct trash assessments on the creek banks. City
staff will begin monthly on land cleanups in FY 14-15 to investigate the trash sources
and to better assess the effectiveness of the City's control measures at this hot spot.
Control measures will include frequent cleaning, City signage, requesting Sheriff's help
with graffiti and trespassing enforcement, engaging students from nearby Homestead
High in volunteer cleanups (the communication is already underway) and adding a
heavy trash and recycling bin that will be maintained by Environmental Programs staff
(contents will be sorted and quantified).
12
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
2. The City is communicating with Caltrans and supporting a resident volunteer in
his efforts to cleanup vehicular litter on Caltrans jurisdictional property at the
City's access points to freeways. An enthusiastic, mature, hard-working resident
came to City Hall in 2013 to ask what could be done about blight of litter and debris at
the Caltrans access ramps to Highway 85 on Stevens Creek Blvd. City staff contacted
Caltrans since the area is in Caltrans'jurisdiction and requires a permit for access. A
Caltrans supervisor had crews come out to clean the site within a week. The freeway
access points did not remain clean for long. At the City staff and resident's request, the
Caltrans supervisor met with city staff and trained and authorized the resident (as a
volunteer) to work on Caltrans property in Cupertino. The resident continues to work on
the City's litter problem and communicates regularly with City staff to report findings,
progress and ideas for new trash control measures. As resources are available City staff
will assist volunteers and investigate ways to work with Caltrans on the vehicular litter
problem at the City's freeway access points. City staff is continuing to communicate with
Caltrans and will meet with their staff in January to discuss what can be done to clean up
the freeway access points.
3. Windblown trash is being addressed by the City with bans like the City's reusable
bag ordinance to prevent the distribution of lightweight, thin, single-use plastic shopping
bags by retailers; and the City's EPS food service ware ordinance (effective July 2014)
which will prevent restaurants, mobile food trucks, caterers and delis from distributing
lightweight, prone-to-crumble, foam food and beverage service ware. Along its major
arterials, the City of Cupertino maintains landscaped park strips and medians which
assist in detaining windblown trash (and are maintained regularly to remove trash before
it reaches the MS4) as well as providing an aesthetically pleasing "pervious" alternative
to urban hardscape. The City's new anti-litter ordinance (March 2013) requires Cupertino
businesses to keep private parking lots and property perimeters maintained and free
from loose litter. The requirements, which support the City's "A Cleaner Cupertino"
campaign are enforced during Industrial and commercial stormwater inspections (the
City's IND program); and all maintenance, building and construction inspection staff
receive annual training on reporting litter and stormwater violations to the City's
stormwater inspector(s)for immediate follow-up.
2.3 Trash Generating Areas
2.3.1 Generation Categories and Designation of Areas
The process and methods used to identify the level of trash generation within the City of
Cupertino are described in this section and illustrated in Figure 4.
Trash Generation Rates Permittee
based on BASMAA Trash Confirmation/Refinement Final Trash
Generation Project via Field Assessments and Generation Areas
Evaluations
Figure 4. Process used to identify trash generating areas.
As a first step, trash generation rates developed through the BASMAA Trash Generation Rates
Project were applied to parcels within the City of Cupertino based on current land uses and
2010 household median incomes. A Draft Trash Generation Map was created as a result of this
13
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
application. The draft map served as a starting point for the City of Cupertino to identify trash
generating levels. Levels of trash generation are depicted on the map using four trash
generation rate (gallons/acre/year) categories that are symbolized by four different colors
illustrated in Table 3.
Table 3. Trash generation categories and associated generation rates (gallons/acre/year).
Category Very High Moderate Low
Generation Rate > 50 5-10 < 5
(gallons/acre/year)
The City of Cupertino then reviewed and refined the draft trash generation map to ensure that
trash generation categories were correctly assigned to parcels or groups of parcels. City staff
refined maps using the following process:
1. Based upon our knowledge of trash generation and problem areas within the City, staff
identified areas on the draft map that potentially had incorrect trash generation category
designations.
2. Trash generation category designations initially assigned to areas identified in step #1
were then assessed and confirmed/refined by the City using the methods listed below.
a. On-Land Visual Assessments
To assist Permittees with developing their trash generation maps, BASMAA
developed a Draft On-land Visual Trash Assessment Protocol (Draft Protocol). The
Draft Protocol entails walking a street segment and visually observing the level of
trash present on the roadway, curb and gutter, sidewalk, and other areas adjacent
to the street that could potentially contribute trash to the MS4. Based on the level
of trash observed, each segment (i.e., assessment area)was placed into one of
four on-land assessment condition categories that are summarized in Table 4.
Using the Draft Protocol the City assessed a total of 13 areas to assist in
conducting/refining trash generating area designations. Combining areas that had
similar characteristics and/or level of litter generation to be addressed with the
same litter control measures in a similar time frame, staff merged these areas and
delineated nine (9) trash management areas (TMAs), with the 9tn TMA
representing all of the City's "green" or very low trash generating area (primarily
comprised of single-family residential homes and un-littered open space).
14
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Table 4. Definitions of on-land trash assessment condition categories.
On-land
Assessment Summary Definition
Condition Category
A
(Low) Effectively no trash is observed in the assessment area.
B Predominantly free of trash except for a few pieces that are easily
(Moderate) observed.
C Trash is widely/evenly distributed and/or small accumulations are
(High) visible on the street, sidewalks, or inlets.
D Trash is continuously seen throughout the assessment area, with
large piles and a strong impression of lack of concern for litter in
(Very High) the area.
b. Querying Municipal Staff or Members of the Public
Public works grounds and street maintenance supervisors provided feedback on
the level of maintenance required throughout the City, noting any high trash (litter)
generating areas.
c. Reviewing Municipal Operations Data
Staff reviewed the City inspectors' databases for tracking illegal dumping detection
and elimination (IDDE) incidents and commercial (or light industrial) IND
stormwater inspections. Areas with a history of violations were visited; adjacent
streets and storm drain inlets were spot-checked and photographed to determine
the actual level of trash generation.
3. Based on assessments conducted to confirm and refine trash generation category
designations, the City created a final trash generation map that depicts the most current
understanding of trash generation within the City of Cupertino. The City documented this
process by tracking the information collected through the assessments and subsequent
refinements to the Draft Trash Generation Map. The City of Cupertino's Trash
Generation Map is included as Figure 5.
2.3.2 Summary of Trash Generating Areas and Sources
Summary statistics for land use and trash generation categories generated through the mapping
and assessment process are presented in Table 5.
15
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Table 5. Percentage of jurisdictional area within the City of Cupertino assigned to each trash generation
category.
Trash Commercial K-12 Urban
Generation and Services Industrial Residential Retail Schools Parks Other
Category
Very High 0.0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
High 273.5 10.1% 0.6% 2.0% 78.6% 0.0% 0.2%
Medium 1,161.0 38.1% 23.8% 3.7% 7.6% 20.1% 6.7%
Low 5,446.1 0.2% 0.0% 71.4% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4%
16
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
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Trash GeneratWo Data Sour w
Category Roads:Santa Clara County
N COY Boundaries:Santa Clara Conway
Law Crpekluhareline Hotapot -- Streets Background:ESRI Wand Topographic Map
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L, High [Dot Cplor=Generation Category] — Creeks EOA
I' Very High Parcel Boundary 0 0.25 0.5 1 Miles Date:
December 17thL,2013
Figure 5. Trash Generation Map for the City of City of Cupertino
17
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Page Intentionally Left Blank
18
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
3.0 TRASH MANAGEMENT AREAS AND CONTROL
MEASURES
This section describes the control measures that the City of Cupertino has or plans to
implement to solve trash problems and achieve a target of"no adverse visual impact" (i.e. full)
trash reduction from their MS4 by July 1, 2022. The selection of control measures described in
this section is based on the City of Cupertino's current understanding of trash problems within
its jurisdiction and the effectiveness of control measures designed to reduce trash impacts
associated with MS4 discharges. Information on the effectiveness of some trash control
measures is currently lacking and therefore in the absence of this information, the City based its
selection of control measures on existing effectiveness information, their experience in
implementing trash controls and knowledge of trash problems, and costs of implementation.
However, the City of Cupertino has to date installed 52 full capture devices with 49 retractable
curb screens. Based on results of the maintenance of these devices in December 2013 after the
first full year following installation, the curb screens complimented with frequent street sweeping
appear to be effective in preventing trash from entering the MS4 (limited amounts of trash,
ranging from zero to 3 pieces per full-capture device, were detained). As knowledge is gained
through the implementation and monitoring of these control measures, the City may choose to
refine the trash control strategy described in this section. If significant revisions or amendments
are made, a revised Long-Term Plan will be submitted to the Water Board through the City of
Cupertino's annual reporting process.
3.1 Management Area Delineation and Prioritization
Consistent with the long-term plan framework, the City of Cupertino delineated and prioritized
trash management areas (TMAs) based on the geographical distribution of trash generating
areas, types of trash sources, and current or planned control measure locations. TMAs are
intended to form the management units by which trash control measure implementation can be
tracked and assessed for progress towards trash reduction targets. Once delineated, TMAs
were also prioritized for control measure implementation. The City of Cupertino's primary
management areas were selected based on the spatial distribution of trash generating areas
and the location of specific existing or planned management actions within City's jurisdiction.
City staff used the following procedure to designate TMAs:
Cupertino's public works engineering, environmental and maintenance staff provided input for
the selection of nine (9) trash management areas prioritized in order of trash generation and
timeline in which the City will address the problems.
TMA 1 was prioritized for the following reasons: 1) it is the City's most heavily traveled retail and
commercial area along the City's main arterial, Stevens Creek Blvd; 2) It includes the City's only
major shopping mall at the corner of Stevens Creek Blvd and Wolfe Rd; 3) it is the future site of
the City's new Main Street development, a pedestrian, shopping and dining complex; 4) several
businesses in this area have a history of stormwater and trash area violations (tracked in the
City's IND inspection database). Therefore, most of the area is high-litter generating (coded
"red" on the City's trash management area map).
TMA 2, also a heavy retail and commercial area along Stevens Creek Blvd, is a high litter
generating area ("red" area) that provides pedestrian access to eating establishments from the
19
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Community College. It has a history of businesses with trash area violations.
TMA 3, along Homestead Rd, is another major retail and commercial area that serves as a
pedestrian pathway from a local high school. It is a mixture of high and medium litter generating
areas. Businesses in this area have a history of stormwater and trash area violations.
TMA 4, along De Anza Blvd, another major arterial, is a retail and commercial area that is
primarily a medium litter-generating area having fewer businesses with a history of trash area
violations.
TMA 5 is a high litter generating area that includes one of the City's two assigned trash "hot
spots," requiring an annual assessment and cleanup. Unlike the City's other hot spot, the trash
in this area is not on the decline, but continues to be heavily littered with empty spray paint cans
and StyrofoamTM pieces. It may not be resolved with trash capture devices and will require
further investigation.
TMA 6 is the De Anza Community College campus. While not under the City's jurisdiction, City
staff have partnered with faculty on projects that benefit the community and support the college
curriculum. This presents an opportunity to work with the faculty and students on solving litter
issues as well.
TMA 7 is comprised of three types of commercial and public sites (K-12 schools, city parks and
churches) which have the potential to generate high levels of litter, but are all very well
maintained. TMA#7 is broken down into 5 geographical subsections so that public outreach
programs can be prioritized (a through e). Area 7a is in the highest litter generation area (north
of Stevens Creek Blvd.)
TMA 8 is the future site of Apple Campus 2. The former industrial area is being re-developed
with extremely high environmental standards. Full trash capture is required on all drain inlets
and will be maintained by Apple.
TMA 9 is well-maintained residential and open space area with extremely low litter generation. It
represents the City's "green" area. A map depicting the City's TMAs is included as Figure 6. All
jurisdictional areas within the City are included within a TMA. The amount of jurisdictional land
area and associated trash condition categories for each TMA are included in Table 6.
20
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Table 6. Jurisdictional area and percentage of each Trash Management Area (TMA) comprised of trash
generation categories
TMA Jurisdictional Trash Generation Category
Area (Acres) Very High High Moderate Low
1 239.0 0.0% 65.8% 27.8% 6.5%
2 81.2 0.0% 95.9% 0.1% 4.0%
3 133.9 0.0% 23.7% 34.2% 42.0%
4 351.2 0.0% 1.0% 96.3% 2.7%
5 174.3 0.0% 1.5% 53.6% 44.8%
7a 18.1 0.0% 0.0% 99.8% 0.2%
7b 126.2 0.0% 0.3% 79.9% 19.8%
7c 134.0 0.0% 0.0% 85.1% 14.9%
7d 46.5 0.0% 0.0% 95.2% 4.8%
7e 110.8 0.0% 0.0% 98.9% 1.1%
8 233.1 0.0% 0.0% 98.8% 1.2%
9 5,232.2 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
*TMA 0 and TMA 6 contain non-jurisdictional areas only
21
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Page Intentionally Left Blank
22
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
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Figure 6. Trash Management Area Map for the City of Cupertino.
23
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Page Intentionally Left Blank
24
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
3.2 Current and Planned Trash Control Measures
The City of Cupertino has implemented the following trash control measures: 1) installed full
trash capture devices; 2) increased drain inlet cleaning; 3) installed retractable curb inlet
screens; 4) enhanced and increased street sweeping; 5) installed public outdoor waste bins; 6)
provided litter education during commercial/industrial stormwater inspections; 7) educated the
community at City events; 8) made site visits to engage and educate stores; 8) adopted a
reusable bag ordinance; 9) adopted an anti-littering ordinance; 10) amended the Municipal
Code to require developers to install full trash capture devices on private property; 11)
increased code enforcement (by adding staff and a re-inspection fee); 12) held creek cleanup
events; 13) supported and assisted with on-land cleanups; and 14) included litter control
requirements in the City's garbage franchise agreement.
In addition to expanding and building on the above control measures, future implementations
include an EPS (Styrofoam TM) ordinance (to be in effect July 2014), installing anti-litter
ordinance signage, working with Caltrans to facilitate adoption of freeway on/off ramps to
Cupertino through the Adopt-a-Highway program, and engaging the Sheriff's support in
enforcement.
3.2.1 Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures
The City of Cupertino is implementing several citywide control measures that are effective and
uniquely address the specific litter and trash problems in the City.
Single-Use Carryout Bag Policy
Plastic bags and foam pieces are prevalent and difficult-to-clean-up at creek cleanup events
and were therefore considered for citywide bans. The City's reusable bag ordinance became
effective on October 1, 2013. Chapter 9.17, Regulation of Single-Use Carryout Bags, prohibits
the distribution of thin plastic single-use shopping bags by all retailers within the City of
Cupertino. The link to the Municipal Code is
http://www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dII/California/cupertino/cityofcupertinocaliforniamunicipalco
de?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:cupertino ca
Polystyrene Foam Food Service Ware Policy & Ordinance
The City adopted a no-foam food ware policy for City property in November 2010. In 2013, the
City participated in San Jose's regional environmental study for a Polystyrene Foam Disposable
Food Service Ware Ordinance. Cupertino's City Council unanimously approved a Citywide EPS
food service ware ordinance on January 21, 2014 which will go into effect on July 1, 2014. The
ordinance prohibits the distribution of EPS food service ware by restaurants, mobile food trucks
and caterers doing business within the City of Cupertino.
Activities to Reduce Trash from Uncovered Loads (Enforced by Sheriff): In 2010 the City
entered into a new 5-year garbage franchise agreement wherein the hauler is required to
ensure that all truck loads are covered to prevent any litter or debris from coming out of the
truck while it is being driven. The City's new ordinance, municipal code 9.18.215.A.6 "Litter
Prevention and Enforcement" makes it unlawful for any open vehicle or trailer to be driven or
moved unless the contents or the material is constructed and loaded to ensure that litter is
prevented from being blown from the vehicle. City staff has contacted the Sheriff's Department
to notify them of the ordinance and ask for support in enforcing it.
25
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
Pre-MRP, half of the City's MS4 was cleaned each year. In 2013, the City entered into an
equipment sharing agreement with the Town of Los Gatos. Having access to a new vacuum
truck and the efficiency it provides, has enabled the City's maintenance crews to double the
maintenance frequency and clean all of the City's MS4 annually. This is a control measure that
the City had been trying to adopt, but was delayed due to the cost of the equipment required to
accomplish the task.
Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
Between 2012 and 2014 the City implemented the following new control measures: 1) adopted
an anti-littering ordinance (CIVIC 9.18.215) requiring businesses to maintain litter-free premises,
beyond the store, loading dock and trash area property. Maintenance requirements now include
entire parking lots, the perimeter of the stores property to the streets and sidewalks etc.
Additionally business managers/owners are required to ensure their outdoor waste bin lids are
closed and loose debris is not overflowing from the bins; 2) hired a senior code enforcement
officer, part-time, to investigate and enforce illegal dumping and littering incidents; 3) added a
re-inspection fee for businesses with trash area and litter violations (re-inspection is required to
correct a violation); 4) incorporated municipal code litter education and enforcement in IND
stormwater inspections; and 5) provided dual HHW disposal programs to residents to reduce
illegal dumping.
New and Re-development Permit Approval Conditions
The City's environmental, planning and public works engineering staff collaboratively review
commercial/retail plans for re-development and place conditions on waste management areas
to address past (or recent) stormwater and trash area violations. Examples of conditions of
approval include, but are not limited to, trash enclosure areas with roofs, sufficient capacity to
house separate garbage, recycling and food waste (organics) containers with room for
grease/tallow bins in secondary containment. Right-sized bin service is required to prevent bin
overflow and businesses are required to provide and maintain installed outdoor public recycling-
organics-trash receptacles to encourage public participation in the Cleaner Cupertino campaign.
Public Education and Outreach Programs
Public education about litter is conducted to the full extent that staff time and resources allow
through events, business inspections, courtesy visits and educational programs for K-12
students.The City's residents, students, business owners and business managers are readily
engaged in health, welfare and environmental education. The City enjoys a high level of
participation at community and educational events (e.g. Earth Day, World Water Monitoring
Day, National River Cleanup Day, Fall Festival, Coastal Cleanup Day, the Wildlife Fair and the
Mayor's Symposium(s) etc.).
Third Grade Creek Education incorporated into Cupertino School District Curriculum
Prior to the MRP the City provided and continues to provide a third-grade creek education
program in conjunction with the Cupertino School District whereby the City pays to bus each
third grade class in the District to McClellan Ranch for a creek field trip and lesson with the
City's naturalist. A litter prevention component was introduced in 2013.
Annual Public Events
Prior to the MRP, Cupertino staff hosted a table at the City's annual Earth Day and Fall Festival
events. In 2013 staff also hosted tables at National River Cleanup Day, Coastal Cleanup Day
26
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
and World Water Monitoring Day events wherein students, parents and visitors complete litter
quizzes to learn about the City's anti-littering ordinance and earn a reusable shopping bag.
Cupertino Youth Reusable Bag Art Contest
In 2013 and 2014 staff developed and launched a citywide "Bag Art" contest in collaboration
with the City's Chamber of Commerce and Cupertino school districts (K-12). Students will
design environmentally-themed (water pollution, litter and waste prevention) artwork to be re-
produced on durable shopping bags for Cupertino retailers to purchase and sell.
Outreach to Food Establishments
Effective anti-litter outreach to stores and restaurants began when the City joined the federal
EPA's Food Recovery Challenge (FRC) and staff began visiting stores to support and
encourage separating food waste for composting and keeping trash and dumpster areas clean
and free of loose litter and stockpiled waste. Based on its success, staff plans to continue to
grow the FRC program. As demonstrated in an article in the January 2014 edition of BioCycle
magazine, the Cupertino stores that participated showed a significant improvement in trash area
cleanliness and trash containment. The article can be found at
http://www.biocycle.net/2014/01/20/california-city-advances-commercial-organics-
recycling/?utm content=lori.toplev%40mountainview.gov&utm source=VerticalResponse&utm
medium=Email&utm term=City%20of%20Cupertino%20%28California%29%20receives%20U
%2ES%2E%20EPA%201nnovation%20Award&utm cam paign=%40BioCycle%E2%80%94Janu
arv%2023%2C%202014content
Hired Additional Staff
With the addition of one of the City's senior code enforcement officers (with a bachelor's degree
in Communication) allocated half-time to Public Works, the City was able to enhance and
strengthen its outreach to businesses and tighten up its controls on commercial and industrial
stormwater compliance. The new staff person helped considerably with the City's outreach to
the business community and the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce prior to the City's bag
ordinance implementation and in preparation for City Council's adoption of the EPS food service
ware ban which will be effective on July 1, 2014
Cleaner Cupertino Campaign
Prior to implementing the bag ordinance, the City hired a graphic designer to create signage
and store kits with an anti-litter and reusable bag message. The outcome was the City's Cleaner
Cupertino campaign, launched in August 2013. Staff will build on the campaigns anti-litter
message at all five of the City's annual community participation events.
Regional Be the Street Campaign
The City held an opening night cinema event at Cupertino's AMC theatre to promote BASMAA's
regional anti-litter campaign (Be the Street) for teens and young adults. In 2012, a regional
campaign manager and city staff attended a Cupertino Teen Commission meeting to introduce
Be the Street's social media strategy and anti-littering video contest to local teens.
3.2.2 Trash Management Area #1
TMA 1 was prioritized for installation of full trash capture devices because it is the City's most
heavily traveled retail and commercial area along the City's main arterial, Stevens Creek Blvd.
and it includes the City's only major shopping mall at the corner of Stevens Creek Blvd and
Wolfe Rd. It is also the future site of the new Main Street development, a pedestrian, shopping,
hotel and dining complex. Several businesses in this area have a history of stormwater and
27
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
trash area violations (tracked in the City's IND inspection database). Therefore, most of the area
is high-litter generating (coded "red" on the City's Trash Management Area Map).
Full Capture Treatment Devices
In October 2012 the City installed full-capture pipe connector screens in 52 drain inlets along
Stevens Creek Blvd. south of 280 on Wolfe Rd. and on Vallco Parkway. All but 3 of the drain
inlets were also fitted with retractable curb inlet screens. (Reference Figure 7, Trash Full
Capture Treatment Device Map.) Four (4) additional full capture devices will be installed on
private property prior to July 2014 by the developer/owner of the Main Street project. The City
will install four (4) additional full capture devices at the east end of Stevens Creek Blvd. by July
2020 and potentially three(3) more full capture devices along Wolfe Rd north of Fwy 280 by July
2017. In December 2013 all of the 1-year-old full capture devices in TMA 1 were cleaned. Very
few pieces of trash were found in the drain inlets due to the added protection of curb inlet
screens.
Partial Capture Treatment Devices
In October 2012 the City installed 47 retractable curb inlet screens in TMA 1, overlapping drain
inlets with full capture devices. Maintenance is accomplished with street sweeping. Seven drain
inlets, north of 280 to Homestead Rd. on Wolfe Rd., will be considered for installation of
retractable curb screens and/or full capture devices after the redevelopment in that area has
been completed and the City has assessed the resulting trash generation level and compared
the effectiveness and maintenance of full-capture devices with that of retractable curb screens.
Determinations will be based on the results of assessments described in Section 4 and
additional City assessments.
Street Sweeping
Frequency - Prior to the MRP, street sweeping was conducted weekly and parking was
prohibited along all main arterials. In July 2011, the City entered into a new prescriptive street
sweeping agreement that increases sweeping efficiency/ trash collection. Considering the PM-
10 certified sweeping equipment and reduced sweeper speed required and verified under the
new contract, the frequency of sweeping in commercial areas was reduced to twice-monthly.
After retractable curb screens were installed, weekly sweeping was added (parking still
prohibited) in commercial/retail areas to maximize the effectiveness of the curb screens installed
in 2012, and those planned to be installed in 2014 - 2017. (Note: curb screens captured most all
of the trash at the street level.) Beginning in FY 14-15, City staff will conduct spot checks twice
annually to assess the estimated quantity of trash in the gutters before and after weekly
sweeping to determine if additional sweeping is warranted. If additional sweeping is needed, the
City will sweep at a frequency to maintain effectiveness of the curb screens. Additional
sweeping in commercial areas is a bid item in the sweeping agreement and when implemented,
requires the contractor to respond within 48 hours. If it is observed that a street is not swept
properly, the contractor must respond within 24 hours.
Sweeping Enhancement - The City entered into a new street sweeping agreement in July 2011
to improve sweep quality. New requirements include PM-10 certified sweepers, GPS tracking of
curb mileage and slow sweeping speed to ensure the efficacy of litter and debris removal.
Public works and parking enforcement staff also check sweeping effectiveness by considering
public comments and reports and, in the course of their field work, with post-sweeping spot
inspections.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 1 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
28
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
• New and Re-development Permit Approval Conditions
3.2.3 Trash Management Area #2
TMA 2 is prioritized for installation of full and partial-capture devices to cover the main arterials
in the TMA. It is the City's second most heavily traveled retail and commercial area, along
Stevens Creek Boulevard (SCB). TMA 2 also includes a pedestrian pathway to eating
establishments used by students from De Anza College on SCB. Several businesses in this
area have a history of stormwater and trash area violations (tracked in the City's IND inspection
database). Therefore, TMA 2 has a high-litter generating potential (coded "red" on the City's
Trash Management Area Map).
Full-Capture Treatment Devices
Two full-capture devices will be installed east of Freeway 85 on Stevens Creek Blvd in FY 16-17
to insure that litter from Caltrans'jurisdiction does not enter and is not transported by the City's
MS4.
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
In October 2012 the City installed 17 retractable curb inlet screens on drain inlets in TMA 2.
Maintenance is accomplished increased frequency of street sweeping starting in November
2013. In FY 14-15 approximately 41 retractable curb screens will be installed in TMA 2 (west of
De Anza Blvd.), thereby protecting the drain inlets along the pathway to food establishments
along Stevens Creek Blvd.
Enhanced Street Sweeping
See Street Sweeping control measure description for TMA#1, 3.2.2.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 2 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
• New and Re-development Permit Approval Conditions
3.2.4 Trash Management Area #3
The City prioritized TMA 3 to focus on another major arterial, Homestead Road. Homestead
Road forms the City's northern border adjacent to Sunnyvale and provides Homestead High
students with pedestrian access to a concentration of retail and food establishments. Several
businesses along Homestead in Cupertino have a history of stormwater and trash area
violations.
Installed Capture Treatment Devices
Pre-MRP the City of Sunnyvale installed pipe connector screens in 2 drain inlets on Homestead
Road, immediately adjacent to a fast food restaurant with a drive-thru window. Both drain inlets
were also fitted with retractable curb inlet screens. These were turned over to Cupertino, and
are maintained by Cupertino. (Reference Figure 7, Trash Full Capture Treatment Device Map.)
They were cleaned in December 2013. Very few pieces of trash were found in the drain inlets
due to the added protection of curb inlet screens.
29
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Planned Trash Capture Treatment Device Installations
Installation of two additional full-capture devices is planned for FY 15-16 on De Anza Blvd north
of Freeway 280 to insure that litter from Caltrans'jurisdiction does not enter and is not
transported by the City's MS4. An additional 25 retractable curb inlet screens are planned to be
installed in TMA 3 in FY15-16. This will complete coverage of drain inlets along the heavily-
traveled sections of Homestead Road in Cupertino.
Enhanced Street Sweeping
See Street Sweeping control measure description for TMA#1, 3.2.2.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 3 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
• New and Re-development Permit Approval Conditions
3.2.5 Trash Management Area #4
TMA 4, although it covers another major arterial (De Anza Boulevard), is primarily a medium
litter-generating area (coded "yellow" on the City's Trash Management Area map). Fewer
businesses with a history of uncontained litter and debris violations are located along this
arterial than in TMAs 1-3 and pedestrian travel is less since there are no high schools or
community colleges in TMA 4.
Full Capture Treatment Devices
Installation of two full-capture devices is planned in FY 14-15 on De Anza Blvd south of
Freeway 280 to ensure that litter from Caltrans'jurisdiction does not enter and is not transported
by the City's MS4. Two additional full-capture devices are planned near a shopping center on
Bollinger Rd. and Blaney Ave. in FY 16-17 (Reference Figure 7, Trash Full Capture Treatment
Device Map).
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
The City has not yet installed retractable curb inlet screens on drain inlets in TMA 4, but it plans
to do so for the full length of De Anza Boulevard (DAB) in FY 16-17. DAB runs north and south
through the area referred to as the "Heart of the City." Maintenance of the curb screens will be
accomplished with street sweeping. An approximate 39 inlets will be fitted with retractable curb
screens. This will complete coverage of the drain inlets along the heavily-traveled section of
commercial and retail area in the City.
Enhanced Street Sweeping
See Street Sweeping control measure description for TMA#1, 3.2.2.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 4 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
• New and Re-development Permit Approval Condition
3.2.6 Trash Management Area #5
TMA 5 is an area that includes one of the City's two assigned trash "hot spots" which require
annual assessments and cleanups. TMA 5 also includes Stevens Creek Blvd at the west end of
30
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
the City, closest to Stevens Creek. Unlike the City's trash hot spot on Calabazas Creek, litter at
the Stevens Creek hot spot is not on the decline, but continues to be a problem and a priority for
mitigation because the litter includes empty spray paint cans and StyrofoamTM pieces. This hot
spot mitigation cannot be resolved with trash capture devices and will require further
investigation.
Full Capture Treatment Devices
The City will install two full-capture devices along Stevens Creek Blvd. (west of the freeway
access point) by in FY 16-17. (Reference Figure 7, Trash Full Capture Treatment Device Map).
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
The City will install 39 curb inlet screens along Stevens Creek Boulevard in TMA 5 in FY 18-19.
Maintenance of the curb screens will be accomplished with street sweeping at a frequency that
maintains the effectiveness of the screens.
Street Sweeping
TMA 5 is included in the area where sweeping frequency was increased to weekly. The 39 curb-
inlet screens, which will be installed in FY 18-19, will be monitored before, during and after rain
events. The sweeping frequency will be increased, if warranted, to maintain the effectiveness of
the screens.
Creek Cleanups
In FY 14-15 monthly cleanups and assessments will be conducted at this hotspot site. City staff
have recently communicated with a group of Homestead High students that volunteered to help
clean the site and monitor the progress toward eradicating illegal dumping and littering. The
Water District's access point to cleanup this site is on Barranca Drive and Peninsular Avenue,
less than one mile from Homestead High (0.9 mile). City of Cupertino and City of Sunnyvale
staff met in 2013 to discuss, plan and collaborate on an outreach and participation program for
Homestead High students involving on-land cleanups along Homestead Road. The program
being developed by City of Sunnyvale staff is the subject of a Water District public education
and volunteer cleanup grant application submitted by Sunnyvale staff. Cupertino staff
committed to participate in and support the program throughout the duration of the grant.
Hotspot Creek Cleanups and Assessments
Since 2010, the City has held annual creek cleanups and assessments at its hotspot at Stevens
Creek near the Heney Creek Confluence in TMA 5. Annual creek hotspot cleanups will continue
to be evaluated to determine reduction in illegal dumping and trash levels. Hotspot assessments
conducted since the MRP adoption led staff to prioritize TMA 5 as a site for enhanced illegal
dumping and litter control measures.
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management
To accompany the anti-litter and illegal dumping signage that will be posted next to the City's
hotspot (CU02) in TMA 5, one heavy trash and recycling bin will be placed at this graffiti site as
a pilot in FY 14-15. Environmental Programs staff will maintain the two bins as often as needed
(at least monthly) to evaluate their effectiveness and audit any contents to track the trash
sources.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 5 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
31
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
3.2.7 Trash Management Area #6
TMA 6 is De Anza College Campus. In addition to the curb inlet screens planned for Stevens
Creek Boulevard (in TMA 2) which fronts the community college campus, the City will address
any litter discharge from campus by placing solar compactor trash and recycling bins around the
perimeter of the campus on Stevens Creek Boulevard, Stelling Road, and McClellan Road.
While the City does not have jurisdiction over the campus property, it will purchase and install
"recycling and trash solar compactor sets" at the perimeter of the campus. At the same time,
City staff will continue to work with the Environmental Studies Department faculty to develop
anti-litter and recycling outreach and education for the college students with a specific goal of
reducing campus parking lot litter. Results of annual assessment(s) and adjustment(s), and
using the described control measures, will help the City achieve "no adverse visual impact" in
this TMA July 2022.
Street Sweeping
TMA 6 is included in the area where sweeping frequency was increased to weekly. The curb
inlet screens installed along Stevens Creek Boulevard (which borders the college campus)will
be monitored before, during and after rain events. By July 2017 sweeping frequency will be
increased, if warranted, to ensure curb screen effectiveness.
Improved Trash Bins/Container Management
The City will address the litter discharge from this community college campus by placing solar
compactor trash and recycling bin sets around the perimeter of the campus. The City will
purchase the sets with funding from the City's participation in CalRecycle's beverage container
recycling grant program. The City will continue to purchase as many sets each year as the grant
funding provides, with an anticipated total of 8 sets to be installed from FY 14-15 through FY 17-
18.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 6 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
3.2.8 Trash Management Area #7
The City's parks, churches and schools which comprise TMA 7 are well maintained. They
received a medium-low trash generation rating due to the potential for public and commercial
areas to be a source of litter. Parks are cleaned daily by City maintenance staff and several of
the elementary and middle school sports fields are maintained by City staff.
Improved Trash Bins/Container Management
Recycling-trash bin sets will be purchased for City parks starting in FY 18-19 and the City will
continue to purchase as many sets each year, through FY 21-22, as CalRecycle beverage
container grant funding provides. Currently the City receives grant funding annually from
CalRecycle for beverage container recycling equipment and programs.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 7 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
• Public Education and Outreach Programs
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Enforcement Activities
32
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
3.2.9 Trash Management Area #8
TMA 8 is the site of the future Apple Campus 2. The site is being re-developed to uncommonly
high environmental standards. Construction of the site is expected to be completed in 2016.
One heavily traveled Cupertino road, Pruneridge Avenue, will be permanently closed between
Wolfe Road and Tantau Avenue and absorbed into Apple Campus 2, in effect, converting
Pruneridge Ave. into a green street equivalent.
Full Capture Treatment Devices
By City ordinance (Section 9.18.115), the Apple Campus 2 project is required to install full trash
capture devices in every drain inlet on the property. The City's engineering construction
inspector will check the site upon installation of the devices and again one year later to verify
maintenance.
Street Sweeping
TMA 8 borders two of the City's arterials along commercial and retail property (Wolfe Road and
Homestead Road) where street sweeping frequency has been increased to weekly and will be
considered for additional sweeping to a frequency that maintains the effectiveness of the curb
inlet screens.
Jurisdiction-wide control measures that affect TMA 8 are described in section 3.2.1, including:
• Enhanced Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance
3.2.10 Trash Management Area #9
TMA 9 is the City's extremely low litter-generating area (coded green on the trash generation
map). It is comprised primarily of single-family homes in affluent neighborhoods. Jurisdiction-
wide management actions such as enhanced storm drain inlet maintenance, the City's reusable
bag ordinance (CIVIC 9.18.215), the newly adopted EPS food ware ban, the K-12 reusable bag
art contest for Cupertino residents, the third-grade creek education field trip program at
Blackberry Farm (held in conjunction with Cupertino school districts), and public education and
participation at City events are expected to help maintain "no adverse visual impact" status in
TMA 9 permanently. A description of jurisdiction-wide Control Measures is in Section 3.2.1.
3.2.11 Creek and Shoreline Hot Spot Cleanups
The City's two trash hot spots are shown on the City's Trash Management Area Map (Figure 6).
C0001 is located in TMA 7e along Calabazas Creek near the conflux of Regnart Creek and
Calabazas Creek. It was chosen as the site of the City's first community creek cleanup in Fall
2008 (Pre-MRP) because of its safe access for volunteers proximity to park restrooms. C0002,
selected for cleanup in FY 10-11 at the SCV Water District's suggestion, is in TMA 5 along
Stevens Creek at the conflux of Heney Creek. The sites are assessed, cleaned and
photographed at least annually. Hot spot C0002, at Stevens Creek, has become an area of
interest due to a nearby graffiti site. The City will test several management actions to address
the litter problem starting in FY 14-15. On the other hand, the City's hot spot site in Calabazas
Creek has become cleaner each year and will be evaluated by staff to determine the most
effective cleanup frequency in the future.
Staff and volunteers have collected consistently less trash each year at Calabazas Creek
(CUO01). Yet, at Stevens Creek, even though access is blocked by a gated Water District
fence, more debris was found after the first rainstorm in 2013 than in previous years. The site is
downstream from a tunnel under the 280 freeway through which Stevens Creek flows. An
33
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
adjacent tunnel, also under the freeway was painted with graffiti and strewn with empty spray
paint cans. It appears to be a gathering spot where trash (i.e., spray paint cans, food packaging
(predominantly expanded polystyrene foam pieces, cigarettes, glass bottles and broken glass)
are left behind. The buoyant empty cans, sports balls and polystyrene foam pieces are
transported downstream during rainstorms where they are caught in vegetation at a sharp bend
in the creek. Staff from the Cities of Cupertino and Los Altos cleaned up the heavily-littered east
bank of the creek, and the upstream tunnel in January 2013.
Table 6.1 Trash Hot Spot Tracking
FY 2012- FY 2011-12 FY 2010-11
13 Volume of Volume of
Volume Trash Trash
Trash Cleanup of Trash Removed Removed Dominant Type(s)of Trash Sources
Hot Spot Date Remove (cubic (cubic Trash (where possible)
d yards) yards)
(cubic
yards)
CU001 2/28/2013 0.166 0.623 0.786 Plastic bags, Litter,trash
Calabaza StyrofoamTM, accumulation,
s Creek Cigarette butts, Illegal dumping
near Convenience/Fast
Regnart food items,Aluminum
Creek cans, Sports balls
Conflux
CU002 1/29/2013 0.980 0.810 0.487 Glass pieces, Litter, Illegal
Stevens 6/30/2013 Convenience/Fast dumping,
Creek food items, Spray Homeless
near paint cans, Cigarette encampments
Heney butts, Sports balls,
Creek Toxic substances
Conflux
Totals 1.146 1.434 1.273
34
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
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December 11th,2013
Figure 7. Trash Full Capture Device Map for the City of Cupertino
35
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Page Intentionally Left Blank
36
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
3.2.12 Summary of Trash Control Measures
Trash Management Area 1
• Full-Capture Treatment Devices
• Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
• Street Sweeping
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
As of 2013, most of TMA 1 is covered by full trash capture devices. Four (4) full-capture
devices will be installed in FY 19-20 at the east end of Stevens Creek Boulevard. Three (3)
more full-capture devices are being considered for FY 16-17 after the redevelopment of
Cupertino Village and Apple Campus 2 are complete. Partial-capture devices will be
installed on Wolfe Rd south of Homestead in FY 14-15. It is believed that the equivalent of
full trash capture in TMA 1 will be achieved with the addition of retractable curb inlet screens
and City conditions on the Cupertino Village redevelopment project at Homestead and Wolfe
Roads by July 2017. With annual assessment(s) and adjustment(s), the City plans to reach
"no adverse visual trash impact" in this TMA by July 2022.
Trash Management Area 2
• Full-Capture Treatment Devices
• Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
• Street Sweeping
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
Two (2)full-capture devices will be installed at the freeway access points east of Fwy 85 on
Stevens Creek Boulevard in FY 16-17. Thirty-four (34) partial-capture devices to be installed
in FY 14-15, enhanced street sweeping (no parking, slower sweeper speed and new
equipment), and increased inspections and enforcement at retail and commercial sites are
expected to achieve the equivalent of full trash capture in TMA 2 by July 2017 With annual
assessment(s) and adjustment(s), the City plans to achieve "no adverse visual impact" in
this TMA by July 2022.
Trash Management Area 3
• Full-Capture Treatment Devices
• Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
• Street Sweeping
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
Two (2) existing full-capture devices coupled with curb screens on Homestead Road at
Stelling Road, two (2) additional full-capture devices installed north of Fwy 280 on De Anza
Blvd in FY 15-16, twenty (20) partial-capture devices to be installed in FY 15-16 along
Homestead Rd between Wolfe Rd. and Barranca Dr., enhanced street sweeping (no
parking, slower sweeper speed and new equipment), and increased inspections and
enforcement at retail and commercial sites are expected to achieve the equivalent of full
trash capture in TMA 3 by July 2016. With annual assessment(s) and adjustment(s), the City
plans to achieve "no adverse visual trash impact" in this TMA by July 2022.
37
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Trash Management Area 4
• Full-Capture Treatment Devices
• Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
• Street Sweeping
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
Two (2)full-capture devices installed south of Fwy 280 on De Anza Blvd in FY 14-15, two (2)
additional full-capture devices installed, one each on Bollinger Road and Blaney Avenue,
between 40 and 48 partial-capture devices along De Anza Blvd scheduled to be installed in
FY 16-17, enhanced street sweeping (no parking, slower sweeper speed and new
equipment), and increased inspections and enforcement at retail and commercial sites are
expected to achieve the equivalent of full trash capture in TMA 4 by July 2017. With annual
assessment(s) and adjustment(s), the City plans to achieve "no adverse visual trash impact"
in this TMA by July 2022.
Trash Management Area 5
• Full-Capture Treatment Devices
• On-land Trash Cleanups
• Creek Cleanups
• Signage
• Improved Trash Bin/Container Management
• Partial-Capture Treatment Devices
• Street Sweeping
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
Two full-capture devices (west of Fwy 85 near the freeway access point) will be installed
along Stevens Creek Blvd. By July 2018, twenty-five (25) partial-capture retractable curb
inlet screens will be installed along Steven Creek Boulevard west of Fwy 85 with weekly
street sweeping. The sweeping frequency will be considered and increased, if needed, to
maintain curb screen capture-effectiveness. Signage, monthly on-land cleanups, and one
heavy trash and recycling bin at the City's creek hot spot site will be implemented by July
2015. An agreement with the Sheriff will be pursued to help with graffiti and trespassing
enforcement in FY 16-17. This suite of control measures is expected to achieve the
equivalent of full trash capture in TMA 5 by July 2018. With annual assessment(s) and
adjustment(s), the City plans to achieve "no adverse visual trash impact" in this TMA by July
2022.
Trash Management Area 6
• Improved Trash Bin/Container Management
• Targeted Public Education and Outreach Programs
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
The City will address the litter being discharged from this community college campus by
placing solar compactor trash and recycling bins around the perimeter of the campus on
Stevens Creek Blvd, Stelling Rd, and McClellan Rd. Beginning in FY 14-15, the City will
purchase "installed recycling/trash solar compactor sets" as funding is received through the
City's participation in CalRecycle's beverage container grant program. The City will
purchase as many sets each year, through FY 17-18, as the grant funding provides, with an
anticipated total of 8 sets to be installed by July 2018. Staff will work with faculty of the
Environmental Studies Department to develop anti-litter and recycling projects and
38
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
education for the college students. This suite of control measures is expected to achieve the
equivalent of full trash capture in TMA 6 by July 2018. With annual assessment(s) and
adjustment(s), the City plans to observe "no adverse visual trash impact" in this TMA by July
2022.
Trash Management Area 7
• Improved Trash Bin/Container Management
• No Smoking Ordinance in Parks adopted in 2011 (CIVIC 10.90.020 Smoking Prohibited)
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
The City's parks, churches and schools are generally well maintained. They received a
medium-low trash generation rating due to the potential for public and commercial areas to
generate litter. Parks are cleaned daily by City maintenance staff. The City recently (2011)
adopted an anti-smoking ordinance in all public recreational areas (including parks).
Recycling-trash bin sets will be purchased for City parks starting in FY 18-19 and the City
will continue to purchase as many sets each year, through FY 21-22, as CalRecycle
beverage container grant funding provides.
Staff will work with faculty at K-12 schools beginning in FY 16-17 to develop anti-litter and
recycling outreach and education to engage students in campus litter prevention, recycling,
composting and volunteer cleanups at their schools.
Most churches in Cupertino are very well maintained. Staff will conduct outdoor inspections
at churches and schools to ensure litter-free grounds and compliance with the City's anti-
littering law. Annual outdoor inspections will begin by geographical location in FY 15-16 for
TMA 7a and will continue for TMA 7b in FY 16-17 and so on through FY 19-20 for TMA 7e.
With annual assessment(s) and adjustment(s), the City plans to achieve the equivalent of
full trash capture in TMA 7a-7e by July 2022.
Trash Management Area 8
• Full-Capture Treatment Devices
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
TMA 8 is the site of the future Apple Campus 2. The site is being re-developed to very high
environmental standards. By City ordinance, the project will be required to install full trash
capture devices in every drain inlet on the property. A City stormwater inspector will check
the site upon installation of the full capture devices and again one year later to verify
maintenance. Construction of the site is expected to be completed in 2016. With initial
assessment(s) and inspections conducted on a complaint basis and once every NPDES
permit term, the City plans to observe "no adverse visual trash impact" from Apple Campus
2 by July 2017.
Trash Management Area 9
• Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures (Section 3.2.1)
This is the City's primarily single-family home, extremely low-trash-generating area (coded
green on its trash generation map). Jurisdiction-wide management actions such as the
reusable bag ordinance, the newly approved EPS food ware ban, the reusable bag art
contest for Cupertino K-12 residents, the third-grade creek education field trip program at
Blackberry Farm held in conjunction with Cupertino schools, and public education and
39
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
participation at City events are expected to help maintain "no adverse visual trash impact" in
this TMA permanently.
3.3 Control Measure Implementation Schedule
The City of Cupertino will implement the following control measure implementation schedule in
FY 2013-2014 through FY 2021-2022. Updates to this schedule, if any, will be based on
assessment results that indicate a potential for greater efficiency and/or cost savings without
compromising progress toward the City's plan to reduce trash and litter discharges by 70%
before July 2017 and 0% visual impact by July 2022. The table clearly demonstrates:
1) actions initiated prior to and continued after the MRP effective date (December 2009);
2) actions initiated after the MRP effective date and implemented prior to July 1, 2014; and
3) actions planned for future implementation between July 2014 and July 2022.
40
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Table 7. City of Cupertino's trash control measure implementation schedule.
Short-Term Long-Term
O N M Ln W ti 00 01 O N
r T
T r N N V
NNN N N N
Trash Management Area and N N N N N N
IL Control Measures rn o CNI LO ao 6 O
O
N N
N N N N N N N N N N N N N
d U. LL LL U. U. U. LL LL LL LL LL LL LL
TMA#1
Full-Capture Treatment Devices 52 X 4 3 4
Full-Capture Treatment Devices—(Main 4
Street Developer
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices 49 7
Enhanced Street Sweeping X X X X X X X X X X X X
Anti-littering & Illegal Dumping Enforcement X X X X X X X X X X
TMA#2
Full-Capture Treatment Devices(east of
Fw 85 on SCB) 2
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices 17 41
Enhanced Street Sweeping X X X X X X X X X X X X
Anti-littering& Illegal Dumping Enforcement X X X X X X X X X X
TMA#3
Full-Capture Treatment Devices 2 2
(Sunnyvale installed for 2008 Pilot
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices along
Homestead (Sunnyvale installed in 2008 for X X X X 2 25
pilot)
Enhanced Street Sweeping X X X X X X X X X X X X
Anti-littering & Illegal Dumping Enforcement X X X X X X X X X X
TMA#4
Full-Capture Treatment Devices(2 @ 280 2 2
and DAB&2 @ Blaney&Bollinger)
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices-on all 39
the Cit 's curb inlets along De Anza Blvd
Enhanced Street Sweeping X X X X X X X X X X X X
41
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Short-Term Long-Term
O N M le u7 O ^ co Qf O UN
N N N
Trash Management Area and N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Control Measures a o o r N Cl) uO I- co rn o
Co — r r N N
N N N N N N N N N N N N N
d U. U. LL U. U. LL LL u- LL LL LL LL u-
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management 7
(City Hall, Community Hall, Libra sets
Anti-littering&Illegal Dumping Enforcement X X X X X X X X X X
TMA#5
On-land trash cleanups - annual X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
On-land trash cleanups— monthly
(frequency reduced as need declines X X X
due to other control measures
Creek cleanups X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management 2
bins
Anti-littering&Illegal Dumping Enforcement X X X X X X X X X
—Municipal Code Si na e
Partial-Capture Treatment Devices 39
SCB from 85 to BB Farm Golf Course
Full-Capture Treatment Devices(west of
Fw 85 on SCB) 2
Enhanced Street Sweeping X X X X X X X X X X X X
Public Education &Outreach to High School X X X X X X X X X
TMA#6
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management X X X X
Public Education and Outreach Programs X X X X X X X X
TMA#7
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management X X X X
Public Education and Outreach Programs X X X X X X X X 7a X 7b X 7c X 7d X 7e X X
Existing No Smoking Ordinance in Parks
adopted in 2011 (CIVIC 10.90.020 Smoking X X X X X X X X X X X
Prohibited
TMA#8
42
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Short-Term Long-Term
O N M le u7 O ^ co Qf O UN
N N N
Trash Management Area and N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Control Measures a o o r N Cl) uO I- co rn o
Co — r r N N
N N N N N N N N N N N N N
d U. U. u_ U. U. u_ u_ u- u_ u_ u_ u_ u_
Full-CaptureTreatment Devices(Apple X X
Campus 2 and City Inspections)
TMA#9
Single Use Carryout Bag Policy X X X X X X X X X
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management 15
(Blackberry Farm sets
Polystyrene Foam Food Service Ware Policy X X X X X X X X
Public Education and Outreach Programs X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Jurisdiction-wide Control Measures
Single Use Carryout Bag Policy X X X X X X X X X
Polystyrene Foam Food Service Ware Policy X X X X X X X X
Public Education and Outreach Programs X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Enhance Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance X X X X X X X X X
increased from biennially to annual)
Anti-littering&Illegal Dumping Enforcement X X X X X X X X X
Creek and Shoreline Hot Spot Cleanups
On-land trash cleanups X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Creek cleanups X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Install Signage X
Improved Trash Bin/Container Management X
see TMA#5—install 2 bins
aJuly 1,2014 40%trash reduction target
bJUly 1,2017 70%trash reduction target
`July 1,2022 100%trash reduction target
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Baseline Trash Load and Short-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
4.0 PROGRESS ASSESSMENT STRATEGY
Provision C.10.a.ii of the MRP requires Permittees to develop and implement a trash load
reduction tracking method that will be used to account for trash load reduction actions and to
demonstrate progress and attainment of trash load reduction targets. Early into the MRP,
Permittees decided to work collaboratively to develop a trash load reduction tracking method
through the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association (BASMAA). Permittees,
Water Board staff and other stakeholders assisted in developing Version 1.0 of the tracking
method. On behalf of all MRP Permittees, the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies
Association (BASMAA) submitted Version 1.0 to the Water Board on February 1, 2012.
The Trash Assessment Strategy (Strategy) described in this section is intended to serve as
Version 2.0 of the trash tracking method and replace version 1.0 previously submitted to the
Water Board. The Strategy is specific to Permittees participating in the Santa Clara Valley
Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program (SCVURPPP), including the City of Cupertino. The
City intends to implement the Strategy in phases and at multiple geographical scales (i.e.,
jurisdiction-wide and trash management area) in collaboration with SCVURPPP. Pilot
implementation is scheduled for the near-term and as assessment methods are tested and
refined, the Strategy will be adapted into a longer-term approach. The Strategy selected by the
City is described in the following sections.
4.1 SCVURPPP Pilot Assessment Strategy
The following SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy (SCVURPPP Pilot Strategy) was
developed by SCVURPPP on behalf of the City and other Santa Clara Valley Permittees. The
SCVURPPP Pilot Strategy will be implemented at a pilot scale on a countywide basis and
includes measurements and observations in the City of Cupertino.
4.1.1 Management Questions
The SCVURPPP Pilot Strategy is intended to answer the following core management questions
over time as trash control measures outlined in section 3.0 are implemented and refined:
• Are the MS4 trash load reduction targets (i.e., 40%, 70%, and No Adverse Impacts)
being achieved?
• Are there trash problems in receiving waters (e.g., creeks and rivers)?
• If trash problems in receiving waters exist, what are the important sources and transport
pathways?
The SCVURPPP Pilot Strategy, including indicators and methods, is summarized in this section
and fully described in the SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy, a compendium
document submitted to the Water Board on February 1, 2014 on behalf of all SCVURPPP
Permittees (SCVURPPP 2014).
4.1.2 Indicators of Progress and Success
The management questions listed in the previous section will be addressed by tracking
information and collecting data needed to report on a set of key environmental indicators.
Environmental indicators are simple measures that communicate what is happening in the
environment. Since trash in the environment is very complex, indicators provide a more practical
44
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
and economical way to track the state of the environment than if we attempted to record every
possible variable.
With regard to municipal stormwater trash management, indicators are intended to detect
progress towards trash load reduction targets and solving trash problems. Ideally, indicators
should be robust and able to detect progress that is attributable to multiple types of trash control
measure implementation scenarios. Assessment results should also provide Permittees with an
adequate level of confidence that trash load reductions from MS4s have occurred, while also
assessing whether trash problems in receiving waters have been resolved. Indicators must also
be cost effective, relatively easy to generate, and understandable to stakeholders.
Primary and secondary indicators that SCVURPPP Permittees will use to answer core
management questions include:
Primary Indicators:
1-A Reduction in the level of trash present on-land and available to MS4s
1-B Effective full capture device operation and maintenance
Secondary Indicators:
2-A Successful levels of trash control measures implementation
2-B Reductions in the amount of trash in receiving waters
In selecting the indicators above, the City of Cupertino in collaboration with SCVURPPP and
other SCVURPPP Permittees recognize that no one environmental indicator will provide the
information necessary to effectively determine progress made in reducing trash discharged from
MS4s and improvements in the level of trash in receiving waters. Multiple indicators were
therefore selected.
The ultimate goal of municipal stormwater trash reduction strategies is to reduce the impacts of
trash associated with MS4s on receiving waters. Indicators selected to assess progress towards
this goal should ideally measure outcomes (e.g., reductions in trash discharged). The primary
indicators selected by SCVURPPP are outcome-based and include those that are directly
related to MS4 discharges. Secondary indicators are outcome or output-based and are intended
to provide additional perspective on and evidence of, successful trash control measure
implementation and improvements in receiving water condition with regard to trash.
As described in Section 2.2, trash is transported to receiving waters from pathways other than
MS4s, which may confound our ability to observe MS4-associated reductions in creeks and
shorelines. Due to this challenge of linking MS4 control measure implementation to receiving
water conditions, the receiving water based indicator is currently considered a secondary
indicator. Evaluations of data on the amount of trash in receiving waters that are conducted over
time through the Pilot Assessment Strategy will assist the City in further determinations of the
important sources and pathways causing problems in local creeks, rivers and shorelines.
4.1.3 Pilot Assessment Methods
This section briefly summarizes the preliminary assessment methods that the City of Cupertino
will implement through the SCVURPPP Pilot Strategy to generate indicator information
described in the previous section. Additional information on each method can be found in the
SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy submitted to the Water Board by SCVURPPP on
behalf of the City.
45
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
1-A. On-land Visual Assessments
As part of the Trash Generation Map assessment and refinement process (see Section
2.3.1), a draft on-land visual assessment method was developed to assist Permittees in
confirming and refining trash generating area designations (i.e., very high, high, moderate
and low trash generating categories). The draft on-land visual assessment method is
intended to be a cost-effective tool and provide Permittees with a viable alternative to
quantifying the level of trash discharged from MS4s. As part of BASMAA's Tracking
California's Trash grant received from the State Water Resources Control Board (see
Section 4.2), quantitative relationships between trash loading from MS4s and on-land visual
assessment condition categories will be established. Condition categories defined in the
draft on-land assessment protocol are listed in Table 8
Table 8. Trash condition categories used in the draft on-land visual assessment protocol.
Trash Condition Summary Definition
Category
A Effectively no trash is observed in the assessment area.
(Low)
B Predominantly free of trash except for a few pieces that are
(Moderate) easily observed.
C Trash is widely/evenly distributed and/or small accumulations
(High) are visible on the street, sidewalks, or inlets.
D Trash is continuously seen throughout the assessment area,
(Very High) with large piles and a strong impression of lack of concern for
litter in the area.
On-land visual assessments will be conducted in trash management areas within the City of
Cupertino as part of the SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy. On-land
assessments are intended to establish initial conditions and detect improvements in the
level of trash available to MS4s over time. More specifically, on-land visual assessment
methods will be conducted in areas not treated by trash full capture devices in an attempt to
evaluate reductions associated with other types of control measures. Assessment methods
for areas treated by full capture devices are described in this next section.
Given that the on-land assessment method and associated protocol have not been fully
tested and refined, initial assessments will occur at a pilot scale in the City and in parallel to
the Tracking California's Trash project. The frequency of assessments and number of sites
where assessments will occur during the pilot stage are more fully described in the
SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy (SCVURPPP 2014).
1-13. Full Capture Operation and Maintenance Verification
Consistent with the MRP, adequate inspection and maintenance of trash full capture devices
is required to maintain full capture designation by the Water Board. The City of Cupertino is
46
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
currently developing an operation and maintenance verification program (Trash O&M
Verification Program), via SCVURPPP, to ensure that devices are inspected and maintained
at a level that maintains this designation.
The SCVURPPP Trash O&M Verification Program will be modeled on the current O&M
verification program for stormwater treatment controls implemented consistent with the
Permit new and redevelopment requirements. Additional details regarding the Trash O&M
Verification Program can be found in the SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy
(SCVURPPP 2014).
2-A. Control Measure Effectiveness Evaluations
In addition to on-land trash assessments and full capture operation and maintenance
verification, the City will also conduct assessments of trash control measures implemented
within their jurisdictional area. Assessment methods will be selected based on trash sources
and the type of control measure being implemented. Control measure effectiveness
evaluations are more fully described in the SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy.
The following are example assessment methods that may be used to demonstrate
successful control measure implementation and progress towards trash reduction targets:
• Product-related Ordinances — Descriptions of outreach efforts, tracking and reporting
business compliance rates, or other metrics of control measure performance.
• Street Sweeping- Identification sweeping frequency and the ability to sweep to the
curb by primary TMA, including any enhancements that have been implemented; and
any other metrics demonstrating the enhanced performance of street sweeping.
• Public/Private Trash Container Management - Descriptions of control measures
implemented to prevent overflowing trash containers or promoting the more effective
use of public/private bins, including any new or enhancements to existing actions;
and any other metrics demonstrating the performance of the control measure.
• Public Outreach and Education — Descriptions of outreach and education actions
specific to trash deduction, including the number of events conducted within the
municipality; descriptions of effectiveness measurements, including the results of
pre- and post-implementation surveys or other metrics.
• On-land Cleanups and Enforcement— Descriptions of on-land cleanup actions,
including any enhancements that have been implemented; identification of whether
on-land cleanup are Permittee or volunteer—led; or other metrics of control measure
performance.
• Storm Drain Inlet Maintenance — Descriptions of the level of maintenance, including
any enhancement to maintenance frequency; the numbers of inlets where enhanced
maintenance is being implemented; and any other metrics demonstrating the
performance of inlet maintenance.
• Anti-littering and Illegal Dumping Prevention/Enforcement - Descriptions of control
measures implemented to prevent littering and illegal dumping, including any new or
enhancements to existing actions; descriptions and results of enhanced enforcement
actions; and any other metrics demonstrating the performance of the control
measure.
• Prevention of Uncovered Loads - Descriptions of control measures implemented to
prevent trash dispersion from uncovered loads, including any new or enhancements
47
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
to existing actions; descriptions and results of enhanced enforcement actions; and
any other metrics demonstrating the performance of the control measure.
• Partial Capture Devices — Descriptions, numbers and types of devices implemented;
maintenance frequencies by device or groups of devices; and any other metrics
demonstrating the partial capture device performance.
• Other Control Measures - Descriptions of control measures implemented to prevent
or intercept trash before discharge to receiving waters, and any other metrics
demonstrating the performance of the control measure.
2-C. Receiving Water Condition Assessments
The ultimate goal of stormwater trash management in the Bay Area is to significantly reduce
the amount of trash found in receiving waters. In the last decade, Santa Clara Valley
Permittees and volunteers have collected data on the amounts of trash removed during
cleanup events. More recently, Permittees have conducted trash assessments in creek and
shoreline hotspots using standardized assessment methods. In an effort to answer the core
management question Have trash problems in receiving waters been resolved?, the City of
Cupertino plans to continue conducting receiving water condition assessments at trash hot
spots a minimum of one time per year. Assessment will be conducted consistent with Permit
hot spot cleanup and assessment requirements. Additional information on receiving water
assessment methods can be found in the SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy
(SCVURPPP 2014).
4.2 BASMAA "Tracking California's Trash" Project
The SCVURPPP Pilot Assessment Strategy described in the previous section recognizes that
outcome-based trash assessment methods needed to assess progress toward trash reduction
targets are not well established by the scientific community. In an effort to address these
information gaps associated with trash assessment methods, the Bay Area Stormwater
Management Agencies Association (BASMAA), in collaboration with SCVURPPP, the 5 Gyres
Institute, San Francisco Estuary Partnership, the City of Los Angeles, and other stormwater
programs in the Bay Area, developed the Tracking California's Trash Project. The Project is
funded through a Proposition 84 grant awarded to BASMAA by the State Water Resources
Control Board (SWRCB)who recognized the need for standardized trash assessment methods
that are robust and cost-effective.
The Project is intended to assist BASMAA member agencies in testing trash assessment and
monitoring methods needed to evaluate trash levels in receiving waters, establish control
measures that have an equivalent performance to trash full capture devices, and assess
progress in trash reduction over time. The following sections provide brief descriptions of tasks
that BASMAA will conduct via the three-year Project. Full descriptions of project scopes,
deliverables, and outcomes will be developed as part of the task-specific Sampling and Analysis
Plans required by the SWRCB during the beginning of the Project. The Project is currently
underway and will continue through 2016.
48
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
4.2.1 Testing of Trash Monitoring Methods
BASMAA and the 5 Gyres Institute will evaluate the following two types of assessment methods
as part of the Project:
• Trash Flux Monitoring —Trash flux monitoring is intended quantify the amount of trash
flowing in receiving waters under varying hydrological conditions. Flux monitoring will be
tested in up to four receiving water bodies in San Francisco Bay and/or the Los Angeles
areas. Methods selected for evaluation and monitoring will be based on a literature
review conducted during this task and through input from technical advisors and
stakeholders. Monitoring is scheduled to begin in 2014 and will be completed in 2016.
• On-land Visual Assessments —As part of the Project, BASMAA will also conduct an
evaluation of on-land visual assessment methods that are included in the SCVURPPP
Pilot Assessment Strategy. The methods are designed to determine the level of trash on
streets and public right-of-ways that may be transported to receiving waters via MS4s.
BASMAA plans to conduct field work associated with the evaluation of on-land visual
assessment at a number of sites throughout the region. To the extent practical, sites
where the on-land methods evaluations take place will be coordinated with trash flux
monitoring in receiving waters. On-land assessments will occur in areas that drain to
trash full capture devices, and all sites will be assessed during wet and dry weather
seasons in order to evaluate on-land methods during varying hydrologic conditions.
Monitoring is scheduled to begin in 2014 and will be completed in 2016.
4.2.2 Full Capture Equivalent Studies
Through the implementation of BASMAA's Tracking California's Trash grant-funded project, a
small set of"Full Capture Equivalent" projects will also be conducted in an attempt to
demonstrate that specific combinations of control measures will reduce trash to a level
equivalent to full capture devices. Initial BMP combinations include high-frequency street
sweeping, and enhanced street sweeping with auto-retractable curb inlet screens. Other
combinations will also be considered. Studies are scheduled to begin in 2014 and will be
completed in 2016.
4.3 Additional Progress Assessments
The City will evaluate its progress toward its litter reduction goals by conducting and testing
individual assessments specific to the City of Cupertino. These include:
Additional assessment#1 - Measure the volume of litter removed from receiving waters (i.e.,
creeks) including on the banks and in the general area around the creeks, at annual creek
cleanup events and after monthly cleanups at the City's number 2 hot spot on Stevens Creek at
the confluence of Heney Creek. Budget for additional staff time and begin assessments and
evaluation in FY 14-15.
Additional assessment#2 - Staff will photo document a sample of the trash and debris
recovered while conducting maintenance of full trash capture devices (FTCs) in the City's retail
areas, this assessment method was first used on December 18, 2013. Beginning in FY 2014-
2015, staff will compare the amount of trash from FTCs that were installed in drain inlets which
were also fitted with curb inlet screens with the amount of trash from FTCs not protected by the
curb inlet screens to determine whether curb screens and enhanced sweeping in retail areas is
as effective as full-capture devices installed along major arterials in commercial and retail areas.
49
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Note: The City's visual verification for assigning trash generation levels in June 2013 and the
first storm drain and full-capture treatment device cleaning and evaluation (photo-documented)
on 12/18/13 showed that inlets protected by curb inlet screens contained, at most 0-3 pieces of
small litter items per drain inlet. Beginning in FY 14-15, the City will conduct these drain inlet
assessments at least twice per year and quarterly as a standard practice (as weather dictates)
to gather wet and dry season assessment data and conduct evaluations. The City will make
adjustments to curb screens or sweeping to improve the effectiveness of the curb screens and
eliminate the need for full-capture devices.
Additional assessment#3 — Beginning in FY 13— 14, City staff will use IND and IDDE
inspection program tracking data (collected as a requirement of provisions C4 and C5 in the
MRP) to evaluate effectiveness of educational outreach and enforcement control measures,
such as demonstrating a decline in "litter and uncontained debris" violations discovered during
the City's IND (industrial/commercial) inspections and the number of calls related to litter and
illegal dumping received by the City's IDDE (Illicit discharge detection and elimination)
inspector.
Additional assessment#4 - In 2011, City staff examined the types and volume of litter
collected from street sweeping in the City's retail/commercial areas, at two events, one
examining material swept up from retail areas after 2 weeks of debris accumulation and another
after one week of accumulation. Staff and a small group of volunteers separated the dirt, leaves
and litter by trash type and photographed the results. Information from the two dumps of street
sweeping debris (one week apart) helped the City evaluate the effectiveness of its sweeping
frequency in high-litter-generating commercial and retail areas and the effectiveness of its
educational outreach and enforcement efforts. Beginning in FY 14-15, material collected by the
street sweeper in retail/commercial area will be dumped and sorted at least once annually to
estimate the quantity of trash found in Cupertino's commercial and retail streets and identify the
prominent litter types.
The sweeper material audit events revealed that the most common litter types found in
Cupertino's streets are cigarette butts and cigarette packaging followed closely by single-use
beverage cups, then lids and straws. Plastic bags were also swept up in notable quantities.
Awareness of trash types helps staff plan and add or adjust educational outreach efforts and
enforcement control measures. In FY 13-14, to maximize the efficiency of the curb inlet screens
installed in October 2012, sweeping was increased to weekly in high-litter generating
commercial-retail areas.
City staff will continue to participate in SCVURPPP's Trash Ad Hoc meetings and in Water
Board trash steering meetings and workshops to determine which assessment methods and
evaluations are acceptable to demonstrate compliance with litter reduction targets for 2014,
2017 and 2022.
4.4 Long-Term Assessment Strategy
The City of Cupertino is committed to implementing standardized assessment methods post-
2016 based on the lessons learned from pilot assessments and studies that will occur between
2014 and 2016. Assessment activities described in the previous sections will evaluate the utility
of different assessment methods to demonstrate progress towards trash reduction targets and
provide recommended approaches for long-term implementation. Lessons learned will be
submitted to the Water Board with the FY 2015-2016 Annual Report and a revised Strategy will
be developed and submitted, if necessary. The revised Strategy will include agreed upon
50
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
assessment methods that will be used to demonstrate progress during the remaining term of
trash reduction requirements. Reporting using the new/revised methods will begin with the FY
2016-17 Annual Report.
4.5 Implementation Schedule
The implementation schedule for the SCVURPPP Pilot Implementation Strategy, BASMAA's
Tracking California's Trash project, and the Long-Term Assessment Strategy are included in
Table 9. Load reduction reporting milestones are also denoted in the table. The schedule is
consistent with the need for near-term pilot assessment results to demonstrate progress toward
short-term targets, while acknowledging the need for testing and evaluation of assessment
methods and protocols prior to long-term implementation. For more detailed information on
implementation timelines, refer to the SCVURPPP Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy
(SCVURPPP 2014) and monitoring plans developed as part of BASMAA's Tracking California's
Trash project.
Table 9. City of Cupertino trash progress assessment implementation schedule.
Fiscal Year
u_ v
p — �n cD ti co 07 CD
Trash Assessment Programs and Methods M r r N N N
L r� 0o O O
O O r r N N
.0 N
d N N N N N N N N N
Pilot Trash Assessment Strategy(SCVURPPP)
On-land Visual Assessments
Initial (Baseline)Assessments X
Pilot Progress Assessments X X X X
Full Capture Operation and Maintenance Verification X X X
Control Measure Effectiveness Evaluations X X X X X
Receiving Water Condition Assessments X X X X X
Tracking California's Trash Project(BASMAA)
Testing of Trash Monitoring Methods
Trash Flux Monitoring Protocol Testing X X X
On-land Visual Assessment Evaluations X X X
Full Capture Equivalent Studies X X X
Additional Assessments (City of Cupertino)
Assessment Method#1 —Measure volume of
litter and identify prominent types of litter collected
during quarterly to monthly on—land clean-ups in X X X X X X X X
TMA 5 at the City's number 2 creek hotspot
(Stevens Creek).
Assessment Method #2-Photo-document
samples of full capture debris with curb screens
and those without curb screens to compare and X X X X X X X X
determine the effectiveness of curb screens and
frequent street sweeping
51
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Fiscal Year
v_ v
p r MJ W 00 T O N
Trash Assessment Programs and Methods L
O O r CV N
'C N
ILCD CD CD CD
N N N CO N N N N
Assessment Method #3—Use IND and IDDE
inspection data to evaluate the effectiveness of X X X X X X X X X
site visits and educational outreach to businesses
as well as enforcement effectiveness
Assessment Method #4—Sort debris collected
by the street sweeper in commercial retail area to X X X X X X X X
estimate the quantity of litter found in streets and
identify prominent litter types
Long-Term Trash Assessment Strategy(SCVURPPP) X X X X X
'July 1,2014 40%trash reduction target
bJUly 1,2017 70%trash reduction target
°July 1,2022 100%trash reduction target
52
Baseline Trash Load and Short-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
5.0 REFERENCES
Allison R.A.and F.H.S. Chiew 1995. Monitoring stormwater pollution from various land uses in an urban catchment.
Proceedings from the 2"d International Symposium on Urban Stormwater Management, Melbourne, 551-516.
Allison, R.A., T.A.Walker, F.H.S. Chiew, I.C. O'Neill and T.A McMahon 1998. From Roads to rivers: Gross pollutant
removal from urban waterways. Report 98/6. Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology. Victoria,
Australia. May 1998.
Armitage, N. 2003. The removal of urban solid waste from stormwater drains. Prepared for the International
Workshop on Global Developments in Urban Drainage Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay,
Mumbai India. 5-7 February 2003.
Armitage, N. 2007. The reduction of urban litter in the stormwater drains of South Africa. Urban Water Journal Vol.4,
No. 3: 151-172. September 2007.
Armitage N.,A. Rooseboom, C. Nei, and P. Townshend 1998. "The removal of Urban Litter from Stormwater
Conduits and Streams. Water Research Commission (South Africa) Report No.TT 95/98, Prestoria.
Armitage, N. and A. Rooseboom 2000. The removal of urban litter from stormwater conduits and streams: Paper 1 -
The quantities involved and catchment litter management options. Water S.A.Vol. 26. No. 2: 181-187.
ABAG(Association of Bay Area Governments). 2005. Bay Area Land Use Geographical Information Systems
Datalayer.
BASMAA(Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association). 2011 b. Method to Estimate Baseline Trash
Loads from Bay Area Municipal Stormwater Systems: Technical Memorandum#1. Prepared by EOA, Inc.April
2011.
BASMAA(Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association). 2011 c. Sampling and Analysis Plan. Prepared
by EOA, Inc.April 2011.
BASMAA(Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association). 2012. Trash Baseline Generation Rates:
Technical Report. Prepared by EOA, Inc. February 1, 2012.
County of Los Angeles.2002. Los Angeles County Litter Monitoring Plan for the Los Angeles River and Ballona
Creek Trash Total Maximum Daily Load. May 30, 2002.
County of Los Angeles.2004a.Trash Baseline Monitoring Results Los Angles River and Ballona Creek Watershed.
Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. February 17, 2004.
County of Los Angeles 2004b.Trash Baseline Monitoring for Los Angles River and Ballona Creek Watersheds. Los
Angeles County Department of Public Works. May 6, 2004.
Kim, L.H, M. Kayhanian, M.K. Stenstrom 2004. Event mean concentration and loading of litter from highways during
storms. Science of the Total Environment Vol 330: 101-113.
Lippner, G., R. Churchwell, R.Allison, G. Moeller, and J. Johnston 2001.A Scientific Approach to Evaluating Storm
Water Best Management Practices for Litter. Transportation Research Record. TTR 1743, 10-15.
SCVURPPP(Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program). 2014. Pilot Trash Assessment
Strategy. Prepared by EOA. February 1.
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Baseline Trash Load and Short-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
APPENDIX A
1
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
2
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
Appendix A
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
CITY HALL
10300 TORRE AVENUE• CUPERTINO, CA 95014-3255
TELEPHONE: (408)777-3354 www.cupertino.org
CUPERTINO
CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
Meeting:January 21, 2014
Subject
Long-Term Litter Reduction Plan for the City of Cupertino.
Recommended Action
Approve and direct staff to budget for implementation of the City's long-term trash
plan to achieve 70% reduction by July 2017, and "no visual impact equivalent"
(formerly 100% reduction)by July 2022.
Discussion
Over 70 municipalities that discharge rainwater to the San Francisco Bay were required
to submit a short-term trash load reduction plan to the San Francisco Bay Regional
Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) by February 1, 2012. The short-term plan
has been implemented and is discussed in section 2.0 of the Long-Term Trash
Reduction Plan currently proposed for submittal to the Water Board by February 1,
2014.
Provision C.10.a.i of the Municipal Regional Stormwater NPDES Permit (MRP) requires
permittees to demonstrate implementation of control measures and other jurisdiction-
wide activities that reduce trash loads from the municipal separate storm drain system
by 40%by 2014 (short term), 70%by 2017 and 100%by 2022 (long term).
Staff has prepared a long-term plan, which responds to the required trash load
reductions over the next eight years. The Water Board has decided not to give
percentage reduction "credit" for adopting control measures. Rather, progress toward
success will be evaluated based on a jurisdiction's ability to address specific problems in
its "high" and "medium" trash-generating areas, in conjunction with assessments and
refinement of control measures as needed to ensure success. Control measures need not
be implemented in a city's low litter-generating area. Jurisdiction-wide efforts, such as
public education and adopting ordinances that limit the broad distribution of materials
1
Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
that are particularly harmful to water quality will be sufficient to address a city's low
litter-generating areas.
The attached plan (Attachment A) outlines actions in the City's nine (9) trash
management areas (TMAs). TMAs were delineated to combine areas with similar trash
source problems, management actions and time required for implementation. The
City's budget will be impacted gradually over the next eight years and then
continuously into the future to pay for control measures, educational outreach and
annual assessments and evaluations.
It is important to note that the City's Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan and
Assessment Strategy, which will be submitted to the San Francisco Bay Regional Water
Board by February 1, 2014, is expected to undergo revisions as annual assessments, staff
observations and normal development within the City provides indications of what is
and is not working efficiently to accomplish trash reduction goals. What City Council
would approve today may be changed annually and detailed in the City's annual report
to the Water Board, as long as the City demonstrates that the progress toward litter
reduction is proceeding according to the intended timeline for achievement.
Water Board members and staff have conveyed that innovative and realistic efforts to
solve litter problems by a municipality will be recognized as good-faith efforts. This
would be the case even if the "pilot" effort does not produce the intended results, as
long as the outcomes are evaluated and a new plan of action takes effect to incorporate
"lessons learned." That being acknowledged, the City of Cupertino has primarily
selected proven litter control measures such as installing curb inlet screens and
increasing street sweeping. Other management actions, which will be needed to
implement the long-term plan by 2022, do not have outcomes that are certain (e.g.
engaging the Sheriff on the City's anti-litter enforcement, working with Caltrans on
vehicular litter control and clean-up, and conducting public education).
The attached City of Cupertino Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan and Assessment
Strategy includes in broad outline the following planned activities to ensure the City
meets the State's litter reduction requirements:
• Installation of 17 full trash capture baskets inside drain inlets along high-litter-
generating retail and commercial arterials (coded red and yellow on the City's
Trash Generation Map included in the Plan);
• Installation of 151 above-ground curb inlet screens to keep trash along high-
litter-generating arterials in the City out of drain inlets and available for pick-up
with a street sweeper;
• Additional street sweeping (as needed) with no-parking requirements to
maximize curb screen efficiency and prevent flooding;
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
• A component for staff to investigate options for enforcement of the City's anti-
litter ordinance (CMC 9.18.215) in collaboration with the Sheriff and the City's
Code Enforcement staff;
• Allocation of City staff time for enforcement and educational outreach projects
in collaboration with the Chamber of Commerce, local schools and potentially
with the Cupertino Rotary;
• Allocation of staff time for the City to partner with other governmental agencies
(e.g. Caltrans, neighboring cities, and school districts) especially on grant-
funded projects. One regional grant program has been awarded and two
separate grant proposals have been submitted by the City of Sunnyvale and
Clean Water Action;
• Allocation of staff time to conduct local outreach and participate in Bay Area
Stormwater Management Agency Association's (BASMAA's) regional anti-litter
campaign.
The City's Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan, which will be submitted by February
1st, is meant to be a dynamic document that details a city's good-faith strategy to attain
the initial trash load reduction targets by July 2017 and July 2022. The Water Board will
be reviewing each city's progress through its Annual Reports to evaluate
implementation and compliance by the deadlines. The Long-Term Plan is attached to
provide details of control measures implemented to date and planned for the future
(subject to future assessments).
If the City Council chooses to change the measures included in the Long-Term Plan,
based on information provided by staff regarding observations, assessments, final costs,
and feasibility, staff will submit the modified plan in the City's Annual Report to the
Water Board (due by September 15th).
The City will not be able to accomplish compliance with the Regional Water Board's
mandate for litter reduction over the next eight years without increased public
awareness of the mandates and support from Cupertino's residential, business and
school communities. The Cupertino City Council took two steps toward increasing
public awareness in FY 2012-2013. The first action was amending the Municipal Code
(Chapter 9.18 Water Resource Protection and adding Chapter 9.17 Regulation of Single
Use Carryout Bags) to include anti-litter requirements associated with the MRP and the
second was adopting the City of Cupertino's reusable bag ordinance. Staff will continue
to explore options based on cost-effectiveness, feasibility of implementation by staff and
benefit toward achieving the maximum litter reduction for the City, and will report any
recommendations to City Council through the City's budget approval process.
Sustainability Impact
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Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan
All options for litter reduction are intended to improve water quality.
Fiscal Impact
Fiscal impact will depend on the litter control and management actions selected by the
City. Staff has provided estimates for the different options, but actual costs are yet to be
determined.
Prepared by: Cheri Donnelly, Environmental Programs Manager
Reviewed by: Timm Borden, Director of Public Works
Approved for Submission by: David Brandt, City Manager
Attachments:
A- City of Cupertino Long-Term Trash Load Reduction Plan and Assessment Strategy
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